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What is An Avalanche? | General Science & Ability CSS Notes

What is An Avalanche

CSS General Science & Ability Notes

What is An Avalanche?

The word avalanche is derived from the French word avalance meaning descent. An avalanche is a mass of snow, often mixed with ice and debris which travels down mountain sides, destroying all in its path.

Types of Avalanches

To help in understanding of avalanches, they have been classified into four types.

1) Loose Snow Avalanches

First of these are the Loose Snow Avalanches. They are common on steep slopes and are seen after a fresh snowfall. Since the snow does not have time to settle down fully or has been made loose by sunlight, the snow-pack is not very solid. Such avalanches have a single point of origin, from where they widen as they travel down the slope.

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Waves – Tides & Current | CSS General Science Notes

Waves - Tides & Current | CSS General Science Notes

Waves – Tides & Current
CSS General Science Notes

Waves

The winds cause waves on the surface of the ocean (and on lakes). The wind transfers some of its energy to the water, through friction between the air molecules and the water molecules. Stronger winds (like storm surges) cause larger waves.

Tides

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What is Tsunami? Their Generated & Characteristics | CSS General Science & Ability Notes

What is Tsunami Their Generated & Characteristics CSS General Science & Ability Notes

Q: Describe different causes of Tsunami’. Is there any difference between a Tsunami and a tidal wave? Name the worst Tsunami ever recorded. (CSS-2018)

Q: What is tsunami? How the tsunamis generated and what are their characteristics? (CSS-2016)

What does “tsunami” mean? (CSS-2016/2018)

Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, “harbor wave.” Represented by two characters, the top character, “tsu,” means harbor, while the bottom character, “nami,” means “wave.” In the past, tsunamis were sometimes referred to as “tidal waves” by the general public, and as “seismic sea waves” by the scientific community.

Characteristics (CSS-2018)

A tsunami can have wavelengths of 100 to 200 km, and may travel hundreds of kilometers across the deep ocean, reaching speed s of about 725 to 800 km/h. Upon entering shallow coastal waters, however, the waves may suddenly grow rapidly in height. When the waves reach the shore, they may be up to 30m high or more.

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Volcanoes | CSS General Science & Ability Notes

Volcanoes | CSS General Science & Ability Notes

Volcanoes (CSS 1999, 2012)

CSS General Science & Ability Notes

A volcano is a place on the Earth’s surface (or any other planet’s or moon’s surface) where molten rock, gases and pyroclastic debris erupt through the earth’s crust. Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure – some are cracks in the earth’s crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a crater at the summit.

Magma is molten rock within the Earth’s crust. When magma erupts through the earth’s surface it is called lava. Lava can be thick and slow-moving or thin and fast-moving. Rock also comes from volcanoes in other forms, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcano), cinders (bits of fragmented lava), and pumice (light-weight rock that is full of air bubbles and is formed in explosive volcanic eruptions – this type of rock can float on water).

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What is Earthquake? | General Science & Ability Notes

General science and Ability notes

General Science & Ability Notes | What is Earthquake?

(CSS 1989, 1998, 2008, 2012)

Q: What is an earth quake? Discuss Richter scale in this context. What was the intensity of the earth quake in Pakistan dated 26 October 2015 and where was the locus? (CSS 2016)

Earthquake

Earthquake shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by rapid movement of the Earth’s rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the Earth, usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of the Earth by earthquake waves. The study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called Seismology (from the Greek seismos, “to shake”). Scientists who study earthquakes are called seismologists.

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The Solar System | General Science & Ability Notes for CSS

The Solar System General Science & Ability Notes for CSS

General Science & Ability Notes for CSS

The Solar System (CSS 2008/2009)

Our solar system consists of the sun, planets, dwarf planets (or plutoids), moons, an asteroid belt, comets, meteors, and other objects. The sun is the center of our solar system; the planets, over 61 moons, the asteroids, comets, meteoroids and other rocks and gas all orbit the Sun. Our solar system is always in motion. Eight known planets and their moons, along with comets, asteroids, and other space objects orbit the Sun. The Sun is the biggest object in our solar system. It contains more than 99% of the solar system’s mass. Astronomers think the solar system is more than 4.5 billion years old.

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