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Non-Alignment Movement | CSS International Relations Notes

Non Alignment Movement in International Relations

Non-Alignment Movement | CSS International Relations Notes

What is Non-Alignment?

Many writers have used the term non-alignment to be synonymous to terms like isolationism, non- commitment, neutrality, or non-involvement. Yet for the student of IR, these terms are not inter- changeable. Isolationism implies adopting a policy of aloofness; non-commitment implies detachment generally in international relations; and non-involvement implies detachment from tensions specifically between power blocs. Political neutrality has the closest similarity to non-alignment. While the former implies a specific context, the latter refers to a broader and continuing international situation.

Non-Alignment’s Implications

Non-Alignment implies keeping out of alliances in general and military pacts in particular. Conceptually it is not meant to be a policy of passive but of active involvement in the struggle against imperial and colonial determination. Non-Alignment is meant to be dynamic and constructive rather than static and negative.

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CSS Notes International Relations

New International Economic Order | CSS International Relations Notes

New International Economic Order

New International Economic Order | CSS International Relations Notes

Changing Economic Circumstances

Since WWII, the world economy has undergone drastic changes brought about by changing political circumstances, industrial and technological changes, and changing trade patterns. The dominant economic order which prevailed for four decades after WWII is referred to as IEO.

IEO Subsystems

North-West System: referred to financial and trade linkages between developed nations of Western Europe, Japan and North America.

North-East System: referred to centrally controlled economies of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

South System: referred to developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America

Criticism of IEO

Economics based on nationalistic grounds has received a lot of criticism. It failed to function in the case of the North-east, leading to the collapse of the USSR.

The control of capital and use of neo-colonial and imperialistic tendencies in terms of trade resulted in large disparities around the world. The North-West system donated money to the South System, but it was not enough to remove widespread poverty. Many developing countries and segments of the population within the developed world called for a revision of the prevailing IEO.

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CSS Notes International Relations

Imperialism in International Relations | CSS International Relations Notes

Imperialism in International Relations

Imperialism in International Relations | CSS International Relations Notes

What is Imperialism?

Imperialism is the process of extending the rule of government beyond the boundaries of its original state. Imperialism establishes a relationship, formal or informal, in which one state uses direct military or economic means, to control the political sovereignty of another political entity.

Imperialism therefore implies the policy of extending the control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires, either through direct control of territories or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics or economies of other countries. The term is used by some to describe the policy of a country in maintaining colonies and dominance over distant lands, regardless of whether the country calls itself an empire.

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CSS Notes International Relations

Colonialism & Neo-Colonialism in International Relations

colonialism and Newo-Colonialism ini International Relations

Colonialism & Neo-Colonialism in International Relations

Colonialism is an elusive concept. It is a political, a legal, an economic, a cultural and a social phenomenon, which does not lend itself to a short and clear definition. While colonizing states refrained from defining colonialism, many scholars of various disciplines have written about the subject.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the mid-14th century “colonye” was used to describe the Roman settling, creating outposts, or occupying lands outside the Roman city-state. Colonialism emerged around the 19th century to reify a European practice that was becoming prevalent across the world.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Conceptual Issues: Social Change, Development and Evolution

Conceptual Issues

Conceptual Issues: Social Change, Development and Evolution

Of all the phenomena which are of interest to sociologists, social change is perhaps the most elusive and therefore the most given to speculative debates. That is, closely related phenomena like development and evolution are not as problematic as the concept social change when it comes to the question of definition. This is because, looking at the various definitions of social change, considerable diversity of opinions exist amongst scholars even with respect to such formal questions as what constitutes the logical subject of social change, and what are its temporal and spatial dimensions? It is, however, interesting to note that some people identify the subject matter of social change with the entire field of sociology, arguing that social life is life and therefore changes.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

10 Important Climate Change Facts | CSS, PMS Notes in PDF

Climate Change Facts, CSS Notes in PDF

10 Important Climate Change Facts | CSS, PMS Notes in PDF

1) Temperatures are breaking records around the world:

The 21st century has seen the most temperature records broken in recorded history. 2016 was the hottest year on record since 1880, according to NASA, with average temperatures measuring 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean Since the 1950s, every continent has warmed substantially. NASA’s latest visualizations, above, make that reality stark.

2) There is no scientific debate about the reality of climate change:

Multiple studies show that a massive 97 per cent of researchers believe global warming is happening But climate change is considered only the third most serious issue facing the world by the world’s population, behind international terrorism and poverty, hunger and the lack of drinking water

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Articles CSS Notes

Profile: Maulan Sami-ul-Haq (1937-2018) | Religious Scholar and Politician

Maulana Sami ul Haq Assassination

Maulana Sami-ul-Haq (1937-2018)

Name: Maulana Samiul Haq
Age: 81 Years
Date of Birth: December 18, 1937 (Akora Khattak)
Date of Assassination: November 02, 2018
Education: Sanad-e-Fazilat-o-Faraghat and Sanad Daura Tafseer-e-Quran from Darul Uloom Haqqania – Sheikh-ul-Hadith (honorary) from Darul Uloom Deoband
Profession: Religious Scholar and Politician
Former senator from 1985-1991 and 1991-1997

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CSS Notes International Relations

Balance Of Power (BOP) Theory in International Relations | CSS Notes

Balance of Power in International Relations

Definitions of Balance Of Power

The equilibrium of power among members of the family of nations as will prevent any one of them from becoming sufficiently strong to enforce its will upon the others.
The power equation between states is based on an assessment of each state’s relative power capabilities and this assessment provides the basis for the conduct of relations between them.

Balance Of Power from a historical perspective

From 1648 (Peace of Westphalia) to 1789 (French Revolution) was a golden age of classical balance of power, when the princes of Europe began accepting BoP as the supreme principle of foreign policy.
Evident use of BoP is also noted in the mid-17th cent., when it was directed against the France of Louis
XIV. Balance of power was the stated British objective for much of the 18th and 19th cent., and it characterized the European international system, for example, from 1815-1914.

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CSS Notes GK MCQ’s MCQs Pakistan Affairs World General Knowledge

Most Wanted MCQs about China–Pakistan Economic Corridor | CSS, PMS, NTS

CSS MCQs for CPEC China Pakistan Economic Corridor

Most Wanted MCQs about China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)| CSS, PMS, NTS

1. Pakistan-China economic Corridor is a proposal to create an Economic Corridor from Gwadar in Baluchistan to _________in the Western Chinese province of Sinkiang
(a) Beijing
(b) Sinkiang
(c) Kashgar (Correct)
(d) Shanghai

2. When China and Pakistan signed an agreement on China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) plan?
(a) 21 April 2015  (Correct)
(b) 23 April 2015
(c) 27 April 2015
(d) 29 April 2015

3. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor often referred to by the acronym CPEC, is a collection of projects currently under construction at a cost of
(a) $44 billion
(b) $45 billion
(c) $46 billion (Correct)
(d) $50 billion

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English (Precis and Composition) English Grammar

English Grammar: Idioms And Phrases (“Set-D”) | for CSS, PMS, PCS, NTS

Idioms And Phrases (“Set-C”) | for CSS, PMS, PCS, NTS

De facto: (Real; having actual possession) – It was, we believe impossible to find, from the Himalayas to Mysore, a single Government which was at once a Government de facto and a Government de jure.

Dog cheap: (Very cheap) – You got the fowls dog cheap at a dollar forty the dozen.

Dog one’s footsteps: (Constantly follow one, as a dog follows close its master’s heels: importunately thrust one’s presence upon someone) – I regret having suggested that I might be able to help him, forever since then he has dogged my footsteps.

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