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Diplomacy in International Relation | CSS International Relations Notes

Diplomacy in International Relations

Definitions of Diplomacy

Diplomacy is the management of IR through negotiations or the method by which these relations are adjusted or managed. Diplomacy tries to achieve the maximum objectives (national interests) with a minimum of costs in a system of politics where war remains a possibility.

There are two major forms of diplomacy. The simplest and the oldest is bilateral diplomacy between two states. Bilateral diplomacy is still common with many treaties between two states, and it is a main concern of embassies. The other form of diplomacy is multilateral diplomacy involving many states.

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10 Important Climate Change Facts | CSS, PMS Notes in PDF

Climate Change Facts, CSS Notes in PDF

10 Important Climate Change Facts | CSS, PMS Notes in PDF

1) Temperatures are breaking records around the world:

The 21st century has seen the most temperature records broken in recorded history. 2016 was the hottest year on record since 1880, according to NASA, with average temperatures measuring 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean Since the 1950s, every continent has warmed substantially. NASA’s latest visualizations, above, make that reality stark.

2) There is no scientific debate about the reality of climate change:

Multiple studies show that a massive 97 per cent of researchers believe global warming is happening But climate change is considered only the third most serious issue facing the world by the world’s population, behind international terrorism and poverty, hunger and the lack of drinking water

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Balance Of Power (BOP) Theory in International Relations | CSS Notes

Balance of Power in International Relations

Definitions of Balance Of Power

The equilibrium of power among members of the family of nations as will prevent any one of them from becoming sufficiently strong to enforce its will upon the others.
The power equation between states is based on an assessment of each state’s relative power capabilities and this assessment provides the basis for the conduct of relations between them.

Balance Of Power from a historical perspective

From 1648 (Peace of Westphalia) to 1789 (French Revolution) was a golden age of classical balance of power, when the princes of Europe began accepting BoP as the supreme principle of foreign policy.
Evident use of BoP is also noted in the mid-17th cent., when it was directed against the France of Louis
XIV. Balance of power was the stated British objective for much of the 18th and 19th cent., and it characterized the European international system, for example, from 1815-1914.

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National Interest in International Relations | CSS IR Notes

National Interests in International Relations

National Interest in International Relations | CSS IR Notes

Origins of National Interest

The word interest is derived from Latin and means “it concerns, or it makes a difference to”. In the 1930s, Charles Bear wrote the first book concerning national interest. In following years the notion of national interest in IR has been used to describe the underlying rationale for the behavior of states in a threatening global environment, which preserves and protects one‟s values against another.
Statesmen who are responsible for and to their separate publics, and who operate in an uncertain milieu, often have little choice but to put the interest of their own entity above those of others.
National interest is understood to mean a state of affairs valued solely for its benefit to the nation. National interest often becomes synonymous with national egoism, with its disposition of transferring self love onto the national group.
One cannot speak about national interest without reference to values, even if they are a culmination of those held by some or all members of a given society

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Social Problems Faced by Pakistan | Solved from CSS 2016 Paper

Social Problems Faced by Pakistan

Social Problems Faced by Pakistan | Solved from CSS 2016 Paper

Question: What are the major Contemporary Social Problems of Pakistan? (Anthropology CSS Paper 2016)

Although Pakistan is rich in resources but there are many problems faced by Pakistan since independence and has undergone a variety of crisis. These issues could easily be solved but due to the lack of attention from our government these problems are rising day by day. Given below are some of the major problems faced by Pakistan, which are highly neglected by our government.

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War and its Kinds | CSS International Relations / Current Affairs

War and its Kinds | CSS International Relations / Current Affairs

War and its Kinds | CSS International Relations / Current Affairs

The Geneva Conventions

In 1864, several states created an international agreement that regulated acceptable behavior during war and armed conflicts. Since then, the Geneva Conventions have been amended in 1906, 1929, and 1949 as the nature of war and warfare has changed. The agreements prohibit torture, rape, genocide, mutilation, slavery, and other crimes against humanity. The conventions also state that prisoners of war must be treated humanely and that civilians may not be used as hostages.| CSS International Relations

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Constitutional Law CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations | Constitutional Law CSS

Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations

Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations | Constitutional Law CSS

The relations among a country’s governing institutions differ depending on whether a country has a presidential, parliamentary or hybrid political system. Although each country has its own variance on these political typologies, some conclusions have been drawn about the characteristics of each of these systems and their relationship to political conflict and executive and legislative power. | Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations These generalizations are useful for helping to determine characteristics of political systems of other nations three aspects of executive-legislative relations: | Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations

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The Nation State System: Basic Features of a Nation-State | CSS International Relations

The Nation State System: Basic Features of a Nation-State

The Nation State System: Basic Features of a Nation-State | CSS International Relations

Sovereignty

The concept of sovereignty is permanently associated with a nation-state. It evolved in the 16thc in France, during the conflict between the state and the church.
Many theorists have defined sovereignty. Hobbes focused on its absolutist aspect, while Austin focused on legalistic or juristic notions of sovereignty. The modern doctrine of popular sovereignty has transferred the source of absolute power from the monarch to the people.
The notion of sovereignty is important but it can become rigid unless applied to the evolving pattern of inter-state relations.

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Reasons for Giving Importance to Quran as a Primary Source of Islamic Law

Reasons for Giving Importance to Quran as a Primary Source of Islamic Law

Reasons for Giving Importance to Quran as a Primary Source of Islamic Law

1. Revealed Book:

This is a revealed book and contained directions and laws revealed by God. God has revealed so many books and Saheefe on his Prophet and messengers but they all have been repealed after the revelation of Quran.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects GK MCQ’s

Important Environment Knowledge MCQs (Set-I)

Environment Knowledge MCQs

Important Environment Knowledge MCQs (Set-I)

1) Who wrote the book “Hotspots Revisited?”
(a) Walter Rosen
(b) Norman Myers
(c) Russell Mittermeier
(d) Rachel Carson
Answer: (c)

2) The year declared by UN as International Year of Forests
(a) 2011
(b) 2010
(c) 2009
(d) 2008
Answer: (a)

3) Office of the Inspector General (Forests) Ministry of Climate Change is located a
(a) Lahore
(b) Islamabad
(c) Karachi
(d) Quetta
Answer: (b)

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