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CSS Notes International Relations

War and its Kinds | CSS International Relations / Current Affairs

War and its Kinds | CSS International Relations / Current Affairs

The Geneva Conventions

In 1864, several states created an international agreement that regulated acceptable behavior during war and armed conflicts. Since then, the Geneva Conventions have been amended in 1906, 1929, and 1949 as the nature of war and warfare has changed. The agreements prohibit torture, rape, genocide, mutilation, slavery, and other crimes against humanity. The conventions also state that prisoners of war must be treated humanely and that civilians may not be used as hostages.| CSS International Relations

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CSS Tips English Essay Essays Outlines

Tips for Essay | Why is Optimism Important | CSS 2019 Expected Essay

Keep Your Face towards the Sunshine and You Can’t See the Shadow

  1. An optimist sees an opportunim in every problem & pessimist sees a trouble in every opportunity
  2. Opportunim & pessimism are juxtaposed to each other
  3. Nelson Mandela 29 years of imprisonment & example of his life with full of optimism
  4. There is a silver lining after the dark clouds
  5. Old Man & The Sea with continuous effort to survive and sustain the roughness of sea
  6. Life is a combination of easy and hard patches with majority of rough rides
  7. Never give up and keep trying
  8. Success rests with continuous effort in any field of life rather than irregular patterns (Example of famous Tortoise & Rabbit)
  9. Concept of Sufi spiritualism (Mian Muhammad Baksh) Gardner keep watering the plants irrespective of result that rat rests with God.
  10. Optimistic people that exert hard work with bright idea of life always ends with positivity & success in life.
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Constitutional Law CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations | Constitutional Law CSS

Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations | Constitutional Law CSS

The relations among a country’s governing institutions differ depending on whether a country has a presidential, parliamentary or hybrid political system. Although each country has its own variance on these political typologies, some conclusions have been drawn about the characteristics of each of these systems and their relationship to political conflict and executive and legislative power. | Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations These generalizations are useful for helping to determine characteristics of political systems of other nations three aspects of executive-legislative relations: | Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations

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CSS Notes International Relations

The Nation State System: Basic Features of a Nation-State | CSS International Relations

The Nation State System: Basic Features of a Nation-State | CSS International Relations

Sovereignty

The concept of sovereignty is permanently associated with a nation-state. It evolved in the 16thc in France, during the conflict between the state and the church.
Many theorists have defined sovereignty. Hobbes focused on its absolutist aspect, while Austin focused on legalistic or juristic notions of sovereignty. The modern doctrine of popular sovereignty has transferred the source of absolute power from the monarch to the people.
The notion of sovereignty is important but it can become rigid unless applied to the evolving pattern of inter-state relations.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Reasons for Giving Importance to Quran as a Primary Source of Islamic Law

Reasons for Giving Importance to Quran as a Primary Source of Islamic Law

1. Revealed Book:

This is a revealed book and contained directions and laws revealed by God. God has revealed so many books and Saheefe on his Prophet and messengers but they all have been repealed after the revelation of Quran.

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CSS Notes English (Precis and Composition) GK MCQ’s MCQs

Sentence Completion (Grammar) Subject Verb Agreement Solved MCQs (Set-I)

Sentence Completion (Grammar) Subject Verb Agreement Solved MCQs (Set-I)

Choose the auxiliary verb form from the given options to fill in the blanks below.

01. The students and instructors each ________for a new facility by next year.
(a) hopes
(b) hope
(c) has hoped
(d) none of these
Answers with Reason
(b) When ‘each’ or ‘every’ comes after the compound subject, a plural verb – ‘hope’ – is appropriate.

02. Either my mother or my father ________ coming to the meeting.
(a) is
(b) are
(c) have been
(d) none of these
Answers with Reason
(a) “either…or” referring to one person so singular verb will be used. (father or mother=both singular)

03. The dog or the cats __________ outside.
(a) is
(b) are
(c) was
(d) none of these
Answers with Reason
(b) In this case when one subject is singular and the other is plural, “The dog or the cats”, we use verb agrees with the one before the blank.

04. Either my shoes or your coat _________ always on the floor.
(a) is
(b) are
(c) were
(d) none of these
Answers with Reason
(a) In this case when one subject is singular and the other is plural, “Either my shoes or your coat” we use verb agrees with the one before the blank.

05. One of my sisters _______ going on a trip to France.
(a) is
(b) are
(c) have been
(d) none of these
Answers with Reason
(a) The subject of this sentence is ‘one,’ which is, of course, singular.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects GK MCQ’s

Important Environment Knowledge MCQs (Set-I)

Important Environment Knowledge MCQs (Set-I)

1) Who wrote the book “Hotspots Revisited?”
(a) Walter Rosen
(b) Norman Myers
(c) Russell Mittermeier
(d) Rachel Carson
Answer: (c)

2) The year declared by UN as International Year of Forests
(a) 2011
(b) 2010
(c) 2009
(d) 2008
Answer: (a)

3) Office of the Inspector General (Forests) Ministry of Climate Change is located a
(a) Lahore
(b) Islamabad
(c) Karachi
(d) Quetta
Answer: (b)

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CSS Notes International Relations

Theories of International Relations

Theories of International Relations

A theory of international relations is a set of ideas that explains how the international system works. Unlike an ideology, a theory of international relations is (at least in principle) backed up with concrete evidence.

National Interest

Most theories of international relations are based on the idea that states always act in accordance with their national interest, or the interests of that particular state.

State interests often include self-preservation, military security, economic prosperity, and influence over other states. Sometimes two or more states have the same national interest.

The two major theories of international relations are realism and liberalism.

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English (Precis and Composition) MCQs

English Grammar MCQs For All Competitive Exams (Set-I)

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English Grammar MCQs For

CSS, PMS, PCS, NTS, OTS, BTS, PPSC, FPSC and all other relevant Exams

1. The set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language is called

Grammar

2. A set expression of two or more words that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words is called
Idiom

3. A word which is a person, place, thing or idea is called
Noun

4. Mount Everest is grammatically called
Noun

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CSS Notes CSS Study Material Pakistan Affairs

Elements of Ideology of Pakistan | CSS Pakistan Affairs Notes

Elements of Ideology of Pakistan | CSS Pakistan Affairs Notes

Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophers, social customs, and literatures. They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Therefore, Muslim nation demanded a separate homeland where they could have the freedom to practice their religion and live their lives as free individuals of an independent country. There are five principles/elements of the ideological foundation of Pakistan.