Hitherto (adverb) ابھی تک، اس جگہ تک
until now or until the point in time under discussion.
Example: “hitherto part of French West Africa, Benin achieved independence in 1960”
Cynical (adjective) بدگمان، شبہ، مشکوک
believing that people are motivated purely by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity.
Example: “he was brutally cynical and hardened to every sob story under the sun”
