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The Cold War and Its Impacts – Introducing the Cold War Phenomenon (Part II)

The Cold War and Its Impacts - Introducing the Cold War Phenomenon

NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT (CONTINUED)

NAM’s Role in International Relations

NAM played a limited role in supporting the OPEC price rise, in the formation of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the formation of the Group of 77 and articulating the New International Economic Order.

NAM has grown in size and can potentially be very influential but it has been unable to fulfill its lofty objectives and thus stands discredited. Most of the member states, which are a part of it, do not use the NAW platform to resolve disputes nor do they contribute much effort to making it more effective.

Yet the need for peaceful coexistence and better North-South relations makes the need for NAM even more urgent with
its visionary blend of idealism and realism.

Criticism of NAM

NAM has failed to help promote peace and many of its members have been involved in bloody internal and external violence (for example the civil war in Cambodia, or the war between Iran and Iraq).

NAM has also been unable to bear on lingering disputes like the ME conflict and the problems in Kashmir causing tensions between Pakistan and India and in the Cyprus which is resulting in tensions between Turkey and Greece.

There is a dichotomy between what NAM leaders preach and practice; often they have adopted stances in the UN at variance with consensus developed in NAM.

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The Cold War and Its Impacts – Introducing the Cold War Phenomenon

The Cold War and Its Impacts International Relations Notes

What does the Cold War refer to?

The Cold War refers to the phenomenon that overshadowed world politics from the end of WWII until the fall of the former Soviet Union. It is one of the most significant events from the perspective of students of international relations.

Implications of the Cold War

The term Cold War signifies the state of affairs in which bitter relations, hostility and confrontation between the two post-WWII superpowers (US and USSR). The Cold War did not result in outbreak of war between the superpowers.

The Cold War did result in an arms race, diplomatic confrontation, proxy warfare, ideological competition which engulfed the entire world order. The Cold War resulted in formation of eastern and western power blocks and corresponding alliances and institutions under the Communist and Capitalist power blocks.

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Industrial and Agricultural Revolution | Notes for CSS / PMS

Industrial and Agricultural Revolution for CSS Exams Pakistan

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840. Since Toynbee’s time the term has been more broadly applied.

The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following:

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Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan (CSS 2016 Solved Question) | CSS Notes

Status of Women Studies in Pakistan

Q. Write a note on status of women’s studies in Pakistan and give your views on the autonomy/integration debate in Women’s Studies. (CSS-2016)

Women were a big portion of population around the globe and they had been deprived of economic and social development. As a weaker or second sex, the woman had been kept away from the main stream objectives in societies.

In Pakistan, women access to property, education and employment remained lower than men because Pakistani society was predominantly patriarchal and here women participation in society was low in percentage.

Despite improvement in Pakistan’s literacy rate, educational status of Pakistani women was the lowest in the world. The literacy rate of urban women was five times higher than that of rural women.

The emerging changes are the women studies considered the way that describes the status in the same manner in Pakistan and it is being represented by the whole world. The biggest approach of Women in Development approach is the ways that endorse the women studies and even the literature required for the reduction of gaps between social outcomes in both sex. The roles or responsibilities required at women and men perspective is being presented by the material required for the effective material diversification in Pakistan.

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Core Values of Public Administration

Core Values of Public Administrations

Responsiveness and Quality

Reforms acquire legitimacy to the extent that they are able to deal with this perceived failing. But what citizens expect is less easy to define. They want more efficient and effective service delivery, certainly, and this puts the administration and the citizens in a provider-consumer relationship. But they also demand freedom and equity, which presupposes that the government will protect “the public interest”. Service delivery thus gains a central role. Some common elements have been identified as essential to sustained, responsive service delivery.

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Non-Alignment Movement | CSS International Relations Notes

Non Alignment Movement in International Relations

Non-Alignment Movement | CSS International Relations Notes

What is Non-Alignment?

Many writers have used the term non-alignment to be synonymous to terms like isolationism, non- commitment, neutrality, or non-involvement. Yet for the student of IR, these terms are not inter- changeable. Isolationism implies adopting a policy of aloofness; non-commitment implies detachment generally in international relations; and non-involvement implies detachment from tensions specifically between power blocs. Political neutrality has the closest similarity to non-alignment. While the former implies a specific context, the latter refers to a broader and continuing international situation.

Non-Alignment’s Implications

Non-Alignment implies keeping out of alliances in general and military pacts in particular. Conceptually it is not meant to be a policy of passive but of active involvement in the struggle against imperial and colonial determination. Non-Alignment is meant to be dynamic and constructive rather than static and negative.

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New International Economic Order | CSS International Relations Notes

New International Economic Order

New International Economic Order | CSS International Relations Notes

Changing Economic Circumstances

Since WWII, the world economy has undergone drastic changes brought about by changing political circumstances, industrial and technological changes, and changing trade patterns. The dominant economic order which prevailed for four decades after WWII is referred to as IEO.

IEO Subsystems

North-West System: referred to financial and trade linkages between developed nations of Western Europe, Japan and North America.

North-East System: referred to centrally controlled economies of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

South System: referred to developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America

Criticism of IEO

Economics based on nationalistic grounds has received a lot of criticism. It failed to function in the case of the North-east, leading to the collapse of the USSR.

The control of capital and use of neo-colonial and imperialistic tendencies in terms of trade resulted in large disparities around the world. The North-West system donated money to the South System, but it was not enough to remove widespread poverty. Many developing countries and segments of the population within the developed world called for a revision of the prevailing IEO.

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Imperialism in International Relations | CSS International Relations Notes

Imperialism in International Relations

Imperialism in International Relations | CSS International Relations Notes

What is Imperialism?

Imperialism is the process of extending the rule of government beyond the boundaries of its original state. Imperialism establishes a relationship, formal or informal, in which one state uses direct military or economic means, to control the political sovereignty of another political entity.

Imperialism therefore implies the policy of extending the control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires, either through direct control of territories or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics or economies of other countries. The term is used by some to describe the policy of a country in maintaining colonies and dominance over distant lands, regardless of whether the country calls itself an empire.

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Colonialism & Neo-Colonialism in International Relations

colonialism and Newo-Colonialism ini International Relations

Colonialism & Neo-Colonialism in International Relations

Colonialism is an elusive concept. It is a political, a legal, an economic, a cultural and a social phenomenon, which does not lend itself to a short and clear definition. While colonizing states refrained from defining colonialism, many scholars of various disciplines have written about the subject.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the mid-14th century “colonye” was used to describe the Roman settling, creating outposts, or occupying lands outside the Roman city-state. Colonialism emerged around the 19th century to reify a European practice that was becoming prevalent across the world.

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Conceptual Issues: Social Change, Development and Evolution

Conceptual Issues

Conceptual Issues: Social Change, Development and Evolution

Of all the phenomena which are of interest to sociologists, social change is perhaps the most elusive and therefore the most given to speculative debates. That is, closely related phenomena like development and evolution are not as problematic as the concept social change when it comes to the question of definition. This is because, looking at the various definitions of social change, considerable diversity of opinions exist amongst scholars even with respect to such formal questions as what constitutes the logical subject of social change, and what are its temporal and spatial dimensions? It is, however, interesting to note that some people identify the subject matter of social change with the entire field of sociology, arguing that social life is life and therefore changes.

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