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Complete List of the Recipients of the Pakistan Civil Awards – 2021

Complete List of the Recipients of the Pakistan Civil Awards (2021)

President confers civil awards to 184 Pakistanis, foreigners for excellence, services

President Dr Arif Alvi on August 14, 2020 conferred Pakistan’s civil awards to 184 Pakistanis and foreigners in recognition of their services to Pakistan and showing excellence in their respective fields.

Among the civil awards conferred by the president on Independence day included Nishan-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam, Sitarah-e-Pakistan, Sitarah-e-Shujaat and Sitarah-e-Imtiaz. The other categories included Pride of Performance, Sitarah-e-Quaid-e-Azam, Sitarah-e-Khidmat, Tamgha-e-Pakistan, Tamgha-e-Shujaat, Tamgha-e-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam.

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Articles Current Affairs Pakistani Newspapers

Prime Minister unveils ‘new political map’ of Pakistan includes Indian-occupied Kashmir

Prime Minister Imran Khan on August 4, 2020 announced the approval a new political map of Pakistan, which includes Indian-occupied Kashmir in its entirety.

The approval was given in a Cabinet meeting chaired by PM Imran earlier today during which the participants were apprised of the latest situation in the occupied Muslim-majority region.

Speaking during a live televised address to the nation, the premier shared the details of the decisions made in the Cabinet meeting. “Today is the most important day in the history that we are presenting a new political map of Pakistan before the world,” he said.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice.

1. Studies

Criminologists such as Gottfredson, McKenzie, Eck, Farrington, Sherman, Waller and others have been at the forefront of analyzing what works to prevent crime. Prestigious commissions and research bodies, such as the World Health Organization, United Nations, the United States National Research Council, the UK Audit Commission and so on, have analyzed their and others’ research on what lowers rates of interpersonal crime. They agree that governments must go beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle the risk factors that cause crime because it is more cost effective and leads to greater social benefits than the standard ways of responding to crime. Interestingly, multiple opinion polls also confirm public support for investment in prevention. Waller uses these materials in Less Law, More Order to propose specific measures to reduce crime as well as a crime bill.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Introduction of Criminology | CSS Criminology Notes

Introduction of Criminology | CSS Criminology Notes

Introduction of Criminology

Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in both the behavioral and social sciences, drawing especially upon the research of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, social anthropologists, as well as scholars of law. The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia. Later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term criminologie .

“I need not pause to explain that crime is not a disease. It is criminology that is a disease.”
G.K. Ghesterton

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CSS Optional subjects

CSS Criminology Notes | Criminal Behavior

Criminal Behavior, CSS Criminology Notes

Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological behavior, is the study of the wills, thoughts, intentions, and reactions of criminals and all that partakes in the criminal behavior. It is related to the field of criminal anthropology. The study goes deeply into what makes someone commit a crime, but also the reactions after the crime, on the run or in court. Criminal psychologists are often called up as witnesses in court cases to help the jury understand the mind of the criminal. Some types of Psychiatry also deal with aspects of criminal behavior.

1. Psychology’s Role in the Legal System

Psychiatrists and psychologists are licensed professionals that can assess both mental and physical states. Profilers look for patterns in behavior to typify the individual behind a crime. A group effort attempts to answer the most common psychological questions: If there is a risk of a sexual predator re-offending if put back in society; if an offender is competent to stand trial; whether or not an offender was sane/insane at the time of the offense. The question of competency to stand trial is a question of an offender’s current state of mind. This assesses the offender’s ability to understand the charges against them, the possible outcomes of being convicted/acquitted of these charges and their ability to assist their attorney with their defense. The question of sanity/insanity or criminal responsibility is an assessment of the offender’s state of mind at the time of the crime. This refers to their ability to understand right from wrong and what is against the law. The insanity defense is rarely used, as it is very difficult to prove. If declared insane, an offender is committed to a secure hospital facility for much longer than they would have served in prison-theoretically, that is.

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General Science & Ability General Science & Ability MCQs General Science Quiz

General Science & Ability Model Paper (MCQs)

General Science & Ability Model Paper

1. A shooting star is (CSS 2014)
(a) Sun
(b) A comet
(c) A meteor
(d) An asteroid

2. The atmosphere of moon consists of: (CSS 2013)
(a) 90% Hydrogen, 10% Nitrogen
(b) 80%Nitrogen, 20% Hydrogen
(c) 60% Nitrogen, 40% inert gases
(d) None of these

3. Deficiency of Vitamin B causes (CSS 1994)
(a) Rickets, beriberi
(b) Night, blindness
(c) Scurvy

4. Cheapest source of producing electricity is (CSS 1994)
(a) Coal
(b) Natural gas
(c) Water
(d) None of these

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Articles Current Affairs Pakistani Newspapers

Key dates in India-China border tensions

Key dates in India-China border tensions

Key dates in India-China border tensions

Asian regional superpowers India and China share a long history of mistrust and conflict along their lengthy border, and tensions flared up this week in a deadly clash between troops.

The world’s two most populous nations and nuclear-armed neighbours have never even agreed on the length of their “Line of Actual Control” frontier, which straddles the strategically important Himalayan region.

Recent decades have seen numerous skirmishes along the border, including a brief but bloody war in 1962.

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English Essay

Essay for CSS | Legal Empowerment of Women in Pakistan

Essay for CSS | Legal Empowerment of Women in Pakistan

Introduction:

Pakistan was created for its citizen to be free of discrimination and deprivation they had suffered in the past. Citizens included women; and it was stated that they should stand side by side with men as their companions in all spheres of life. This sentiment was reflected in the constitutional proposals subsequently made. (Articles 25 and Article34).

In practice however the promise of equality has not only been ignored, it has been blatantly violated. In 1995, nearly a half-century after the creation of Pakistan, the National Report for the Fourth UN World Conference for Women had to admit that women ‘continue to suffer in the face of oppressive patriarchal structures, rigid Orthodox norms and stifling socio-cultural customs and traditions’. Adherence to status quo, political inertia and lack of social will have continued women’s historical burden. Legal empowerment of women in Pakistan can only be ensured through creation of forward looking and strong civil society that propel the State to bring positive changes in the constitutional, statutory and customary laws.

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Current Affairs

Budget 2020-21: Everything you need to know about customs and indirect taxes

Budget 2020-21 - Everything you need to know about customs and indirect taxes

Minister for Industries Hammad Azhar presented the budget for fiscal year 2020-21 on the floor of the National Assembly on June 13, 2020 amid slogans and desk-thumping by opposition members.

Azhar said the government was going ahead with an “expansionary fiscal policy” which was the need of the hour after the economy had contracted due to the coronavirus pandemic in the outgoing fiscal year.

An expansionary fiscal policy means the government is trying to use economic tools to increase spending by individuals and businesses. This can be done in a host of ways such as by cutting taxes so that households and businesses have more disposable income at hand or by reducing interest rates in an attempt to discourage saving or both.

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English Essay

Essay for CSS | The Major Challenges in Achieving Economic Development in Pakistan

Essay for CSS | The Major Challenges in Achieving Economic Development in Pakistan

One of the mainstays of any country around the world for economic development is its existing reserves of the natural resources and assets base. Pakistan has plenty of natural resources such as large reserves of oil and gas, great quantity of copper and ore deposits, in addition huge coal and salt pits, and gemstones. Likewise, it possesses sound manufacturing industries of textiles and clothing, steel fabricating, cotton ginning factories, sugarcane mills, sports goods and leather manufacturing etc.

The current account deficit of Pakistan is expected to widen by 2.4 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2018-19 (FY19), largely on the back of declining exports and widening trade deficit, said the World Bank (WB).

The WB in its latest report, South Asia Economic Focus, predicted that the current account deficit is expected to widen from 1.2 percent of GDP in FY2016 to 2.2 percent in FY2017 and 2.4 percent by FY2019. ‘The key contributor to this will be a widening of the trade deficit due to moderate growth in exports due to weakening of exports competitiveness and global demand and higher growth in imports due increased economic activity’.

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