Tag: CSS Criminology Notes

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Criminology Short Questions/Answers (Schools Of Thought throughout History MCQs)

Criminology Short Questions/Answers (Schools Of Thought throughout History Mcqs)

Criminology Short Questions/Answers
Schools Of Thought throughout History MCQs

Who is referred to as the founder of the Classical School of criminology?
• Beccaria

Who was the founder of the Positivist School?
• Lombroso

At a very young age he authored his most famous work titled, On Crimes and Punishments?
• Cesare Beccaria

On Crimes and Punishments was published in
• 1764

In criminology, the Classical School usually refers to the 18th-century work during the Enlightenment by the utilitarian and social-contract philosophers:
• Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria

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Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice.

1. Studies

Criminologists such as Gottfredson, McKenzie, Eck, Farrington, Sherman, Waller and others have been at the forefront of analyzing what works to prevent crime. Prestigious commissions and research bodies, such as the World Health Organization, United Nations, the United States National Research Council, the UK Audit Commission and so on, have analyzed their and others’ research on what lowers rates of interpersonal crime. They agree that governments must go beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle the risk factors that cause crime because it is more cost effective and leads to greater social benefits than the standard ways of responding to crime. Interestingly, multiple opinion polls also confirm public support for investment in prevention. Waller uses these materials in Less Law, More Order to propose specific measures to reduce crime as well as a crime bill.

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Introduction of Criminology | CSS Criminology Notes

Introduction of Criminology | CSS Criminology Notes

Introduction of Criminology

Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in both the behavioral and social sciences, drawing especially upon the research of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, social anthropologists, as well as scholars of law. The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia. Later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term criminologie .

“I need not pause to explain that crime is not a disease. It is criminology that is a disease.”
G.K. Ghesterton

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CSS Criminology Notes | Criminal Behavior

Criminal Behavior, CSS Criminology Notes

Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological behavior, is the study of the wills, thoughts, intentions, and reactions of criminals and all that partakes in the criminal behavior. It is related to the field of criminal anthropology. The study goes deeply into what makes someone commit a crime, but also the reactions after the crime, on the run or in court. Criminal psychologists are often called up as witnesses in court cases to help the jury understand the mind of the criminal. Some types of Psychiatry also deal with aspects of criminal behavior.

1. Psychology’s Role in the Legal System

Psychiatrists and psychologists are licensed professionals that can assess both mental and physical states. Profilers look for patterns in behavior to typify the individual behind a crime. A group effort attempts to answer the most common psychological questions: If there is a risk of a sexual predator re-offending if put back in society; if an offender is competent to stand trial; whether or not an offender was sane/insane at the time of the offense. The question of competency to stand trial is a question of an offender’s current state of mind. This assesses the offender’s ability to understand the charges against them, the possible outcomes of being convicted/acquitted of these charges and their ability to assist their attorney with their defense. The question of sanity/insanity or criminal responsibility is an assessment of the offender’s state of mind at the time of the crime. This refers to their ability to understand right from wrong and what is against the law. The insanity defense is rarely used, as it is very difficult to prove. If declared insane, an offender is committed to a secure hospital facility for much longer than they would have served in prison-theoretically, that is.

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CSS Criminology Notes | Basic Concept In Criminology

Basic Concepts in Criminology, CSS Criminlogy Notes

Basic Concept In Criminology
CSS Criminology Notes

CSS Criminology Notes Basic Concepts in Criminology

One can view criminalization as a procedure deployed by society as a preemptive harm-reduction device, using the threat of punishment as a deterrent to anyone proposing to engage in the behavior causing harm. The State becomes involved because governing entities can become convinced that the costs of not criminalizing (through allowing the harms to continue unabated) outweigh the costs of criminalizing it (restricting individual liberty, for example, to minimize harm to others). Criminalization may provide future harm reduction at least to the outside population, assuming those shamed or incarcerated or otherwise restrained for committing crimes start out more prone to criminal behaviour. Likewise, one might assume that criminalizing acts that in themselves do not harm other people (“victimless crimes”) may prevent subsequent harmful acts (assuming that people “prone” to commit these acts may tend to commit harmful actions in general). Some see the criminalization of “victimless crimes” as a pretext for imposing personal, religious or moral convictions on otherwise productive citizens or taxpayers.

States control the process of criminalization because:

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