The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been a key partner of Pakistan in its quest for economic development. Since its inception, the Asian Development Bank has provided significant financial and technical assistance to Pakistan. In this blog, we will review the Asian Development Bank’s investment in Pakistan, its impact on the country’s economic development, and the challenges that it faces.
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Harassment in the workforce and recreational places has been entrenched in the history of Pakistan since its inception. A large number of migrants were harassed, molested, raped, and even killed brutally .
While Pakistan was being liberated from the clutches of Hindus on 14th August 1947, the aim of battling for this land was to overshadow the influence of pagans on Muslim society. The charismatic personality; Quaid-e-Azam, devoted his youth to infuse a new spirit of patriotism and vigour in the dormant bodies of the Muslims. The day of 14th August is usually celebrated with zeal and zest; patriotic display in formal and non-formal institutions, public and private places can be seen extensively. But what is the use of such chauvinist display?
Which are the main ethnic factors in the Harappa Culture?
(a) Proto-Australioid, Negroid, Alpine, Mediterranean
(b) Indo-Aryan, Proto-Australioid, Mongolian, Mediterranean
(c) Alpine, Mongolian, Mediterranean, Proto-Australioid
(d) INegroid, Indo-Aryan, Proto-Australioid, Mongolian
Answer: c
Harappa is located on the river
(a) Ravi River
(b) Indus River
(c) Chenab River
(d) Jhelum River
Answer: a
Mohenjo-Daro is located on the river
(a) Ravi River
(b) Indus River
(c) Chenab River
(d) Jhelum River
Answer: b
Z. A. Bhutto assumed power on December 20, 1971. First he became President of Pakistan and also the first civilian Chief Marshal Law Administrator. Pakistan Political History
The first task was the Constitution making. In 1972 Interim Constitution was adopted and then the
Parliament of Pakistan unanimously adopted 1973 Constitution, Pakistan Political History.
The major policy of Mr. Bhutto was Nationalisation. His government nationalised:
1. Background
2. Constitution Making
3. Features
Abrogation of the 1962 Constitution on March 25, 1969 led to second martial law in the country. Yahya Khan handed over power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on December 20, 1971 after the first general elections. But martial law continued and there was no constitution.
National Assembly approved an Interim Constitution, which was enforced on April 21, 1972.
Constitutional Committee comprising National Assembly (NA) members from all parties was set up in April 1972. Law Minister was the Chairman of this Committee.
All parties agreed on the future political system in October 1972. The Committee reported on December 31, 1972. After long deliberations and compromises final draft was approved unanimously on April 10, 1973. The new Constitution was enforced on August 14, 1973.
The Constitution functioned since then with two gaps. It remained operational during following periods:
Military took over on 7 October 1958 and consequently Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator. One major task was to frame a new Constitution. The administration was critical of Parliamentary system because it caused instability in the past. They sought stability of the nation in the gradual development of democracy.
The government introduced Basic Democracies in October 1959. Under this system Forty Thousand basic democrats (local councilors) were to be elected in each province. They have to perform functions as local government and their role in developmental work. They also acted as an electoral college for the election of president and the national assembly.
Elections for the Basic Democracies (BD) were held in December 1959 and January 1960. Then Presidential referendum was held by the elected BD members on February 17, 1960. A Constitutional Commission was established in February 1960 under the chairmanship of Justice Shahabuddin, former Chief Justice. The tasks assigned to the Commission were:
The Constitution of 1956 was passed after long deliberations. It replaced the Interim Constitution. It has 234 Articles and 6 Schedules. It declared that the name of the country would be the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
There was clear impact of the Government of India Act, 1935 and the Interim Constitution.
Executive Authority vested in the President who exercised it on the advice of the Prime Minister except in the matters he had discretion.
President had ceremonial functions and exercised limited powers.
The President would be of 45 years of age, Muslim and qualified to be a member of National Assembly.
He was to be elected by National Assembly (NA) and Provincial Assemblies.
Constitution is a basic document in the handling of domestic affairs. It sets out the framework for governance and exercise of power. It gives guiding lines of relationships among the federating units. Law making is always within its limits.
The modified Government of India Act (1935) became the Interim Constitution of Pakistan in 1947. The Constituent Assembly (CA) was given the task of framing the Constitution. The first meeting of the CA was held on August 11, 1947 at Karachi. In the lecture 17 we have discussed the constitutional issues that the CA had to deal with, mainly 6 major issues. Now we will discuss the stages of constitution making.
The process began with the passing of the Objectives Resolution (Lecture 16) in which the Islamic and democratic values were adopted as grounds for the future constitution. The Basic Principles Committee (BPC) consisting of 24 members was made to work for the constitutional powers. The various sub-committees on Federal and provincial powers, Franchise, Judiciary, and Fundamental Rights started working. Board of Talimat-i-Islamia was also set up to seek advice on the religious matters.
The annulment of the partition greatly disappointed the Muslims and their faith in the justice of the British government was shaken badly. In addition, the Hindu agitation against the partition convinced the Muslim community that the Hindus were bent upon damaging its interests at all costs.
“Muslim reaction to these decisions was naturally bitter. For years the government of India and Home government had been telling the Muslims that the decision regarding the partition of Bengal was final and would not be reopened. Such flagrant disregard for solemn promises created a feeling of distrust among the Muslims. They lost all faith in British pledges. They were convinced that the Government listened only to sedition and clamour, that constitutional approaches did not pay, that loyalty was rewarded with treachery………….”