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Political History Arrival, Foundation and Consolidation of Muslim Rule in India

Post author By CSS Times
Post date September 5, 2018
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Political History Arrival, Foundation and Consolidation of Muslim Rule in India

The end of Muslim rule in India was as spasmodic as its beginning. It took five hundred years for its establishment (712-1206) and one hundred and fifty years for its decline and fall (1707-1857). The benchmarks of its establishment are C.E. 712 when Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sind, 1000 when Mahmud of Ghazni embarked upon a series of expeditions against Hindustan, 1192-1206 when Prithviraj Chauhan lost to Muhammad Ghauri and Qutbuddin Aibak set up the Turkey Sultanate at Delhi, and 1296 when Alauddin Khalji pushed into the Deccan. The stages of its downfall are 1707 when Aurangzeb died, 1739 when a trembling Mughal Emperor stood as a suppliant before the Persian Invader Nadir Shah, 1803 when Delhi was captured by the British, and 1858 when the last Mughal ruler was sent to Rangoon as a prisoner of the Raj.

For five centuries-thirteenth to seventeenth-however, most parts of India were under Muslim rule, though with varying degrees of effectiveness in different regions of the country. But at no single point of time was the whole country ruled exclusively by the Muslims. On the other hand, the five hundred year long Muslim rule did not fail to influence Indian political and cultural life in all its facets. Muslim rule apart, Muslim contact with India can be counted from the seventh century itself. Naturally, the interaction of Muslim culture with the Hindu way of life, backed by the superimposition of Muslim rule in India, gave rise to a sort of a common Indian culture. But only a sort of, there is a superficial veneer about it. On the face of it the influence of Islam on Indian culture is to be seen in all spheres of life, in architecture, painting, music, and literature; in social institutions like marriage ceremonies, in eating habits, in gourmet and cuisine, sartorial fashions and so on. In actual fact, Hindus and Muslims lead their own lives, mostly in isolation from one another, except for personal friendships. Even living together for a thousand years has not welded Hindus and Muslims into one people. Why is it so?

Tags CSS Pakistan Affairs, Muslim Political History, Muslim Rule in India

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List of scientific laws named after people

Post author By Shahzad F. Malik
Post date July 30, 2018
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This is a list of scientific laws named after people

Scientific Laws	Field	Person(s) Named After
Abel’s theorem	Calculus	Niels Henrik Abel
Amdahl’s law	Computer science	Gene Amdahl
Ampère’s circuital law	Physics	André-Marie Ampère
Archie’s law	Geology	Gus Archie
Archimedes’s principle Axiom of Archimedes	Physics Analysis	Archimedes
Arrhenius equation	Chemical kinetics	Svante Arrhenius
Avogadro’s law	Thermodynamics	Amedeo Avogadro
Bell’s theorem	Quantum mechanics	John Stewart Bell
Benford’s law	Mathematics	Frank Benford
Beer–Lambert law	Optics	August Beer, Johann Heinrich Lambert
Bernoulli’s principle Bernoulli’s equation	Physical sciences	Daniel Bernoulli
Biot–Savart law \| scientific laws	Electromagnetics, fluid dynamics	Jean Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart
Birch’s law	Geophysics	Francis Birch
Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy	Physics	Nikolay Bogoliubov, Max Born, Herbert Green, John Kirkwood, and J. Yvon
Bogoliubov transformation \| scientific laws	Quantum mechanics	Nikolay Bogoliubov
Boltzmann equation	Thermodynamics	Ludwig Boltzmann
Born’s law	Quantum mechanics	Max Born
Boyle’s law \| scientific laws	Thermodynamics	Robert Boyle
Bragg’s Law	Physics	William Lawrence Bragg, William Henry Bragg
Bradford’s law	Computer science	Samuel C. Bradford
Buys Ballot’s law	Meteorology	C.H.D. Buys Ballot
Byerlee’s law	Geophysics	James Byerlee
Carnot’s theorem \| scientific laws	Thermodynamics	Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
Cauchy’s integral formula Cauchy–Riemann equations	Complex analysis	Augustin Louis Cauchy Augustin Louis Cauchy and Bernhard Riemann
Cayley–Hamilton theorem \| scientific laws	Linear algebra	Arthur Cayley and William Hamilton
Charles’s law	Thermodynamics	Jacques Charles
Chandrasekhar limit	Astrophysics	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Church–Turing thesis	Computer science	Alonzo Church and Alan Turing
Coulomb’s law	Physics	Charles Augustin de Coulomb
Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac (frequently called Charles’s law)	Thermodynamics	Jacques Charles and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Clifford’s theorem \| scientific laws Clifford’s circle theorems	Algebraic geometry, Geometry	William Kingdon Clifford
Curie’s law	Physics	Pierre Curie
Curie–Weiss law	Physics	Pierre Curie and Pierre-Ernest Weiss
D’Alembert’s paradox D’Alembert’s principle	Fluid dynamics, Physics	Jean le Rond d’Alembert
Dalton’s law of partial pressure	Thermodynamics	John Dalton
Darcy’s law	Fluid mechanics	Henry Darcy
De Bruijn–Erdős theorem	Mathematics	Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn and Paul Erdős
De Morgan’s law	Logic	Augustus De Morgan
Dermott’s law	Celestial mechanics	Stanley Dermott
Descartes’s theorem	Geometry	René Descartes
Dirac equation Dirac delta function Dirac comb Dirac spinor Dirac operator	Mathematics, Physics	Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Drake equation	Cosmology	Frank Drake
Doppler effect	Physics	Christian Doppler
Ehrenfest’s theorem	Quantum mechanics	Paul Ehrenfest
Einstein’s general theory of relativity Einstein’s special theory of relativity	Physics	Albert Einstein
Erdős–Anning theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and Norman H. Anning
Erdős–Beck theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and József Beck
Erdős–Gallai theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and Tibor Gallai
Erdős–Kac theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and Mark Kac
Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős, Ke Zhao, and Richard Rado
Erdős–Nagy theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy
Erdős–Rado theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and Richard Rado
Erdős–Stone theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and Arthur Harold Stone
Erdős–Szekeres theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and George Szekeres
Erdős–Szemerédi theorem	Mathematics	Paul Erdős and Endre Szemerédi
Euclid’s theorem	Number theory	Euclid
Euler’s theorem	Number theory	Leonhard Euler
Faraday’s law of induction Faraday’s law of electrolysis	Electromagnetism Chemistry	Michael Faraday
Faxén’s law	Fluid dynamics	Hilding Faxén
Fermat’s principle Fermat’s last theorem Fermat’s little theorem	Optics Number theory Number theory	Pierre de Fermat
Fermi paradox Fermi’s golden rule Fermi acceleration Fermi hole Fermionic field Fermi level	Cosmology, Physics	Enrico Fermi
Fick’s law of diffusion	Thermodynamics	Adolf Fick
Fitts’s law	Ergonomics	Paul Fitts
Fourier’s law	Thermodynamics	Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
Gauss’s law Gauss’s law for magnetism Gauss’s principle of least constraint Gauss’s digamma theorem Gauss’s hypergeometric theorem Gaussian function	Mathematics, Physics	Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
Gay-Lussac’s law	Chemistry	Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Gibbs–Helmholtz equation	Thermodynamics	Josiah Willard Gibbs, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
Gödel’s incompleteness theorems	Mathematics	Kurt Gödel
Graham’s law	Thermodynamics	Thomas Graham
Green’s law	Fluid dynamics	George Green
Grimm’s law	Linguistics	Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
Gustafson’s law	Computer science	John L. Gustafson
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle	Theoretical physics	Werner Heisenberg
Heaps’ law	LInguistics	Harold Stanley Heaps
Hellmann–Feynman theorem	Physics	Hans Hellmann, Richard Feynman
Henry’s law	Thermodynamics	William Henry
Hertz observations	Electromagnetism	Heinrich Hertz
Hess’s law	Thermodynamics	Germain Henri Hess
Hilbert’s basis theorem Hilbert’s axioms Hilbert function Hilbert’s irreducibility theorem Hilbert’s syzygy theorem Hilbert’s Theorem 90 Hilbert’s theorem	Mathematics	David Hilbert
Hohenberg–Kohn theorem	Quantum mechanics	Pierre Hohenberg and Walter Kohn
Helmholtz’s theorems Helmholtz theorem Helmholtz free energy Helmholtz decomposition Helmholtz equation Helmholtz resonance	Thermodynamics Physics	Hermann von Helmholtz
Hooke’s law	Physics	Robert Hooke
Hopkinson’s law	Electromagnetism	John Hopkinson
Hubble’s law	Cosmology	Edwin Hubble
Hund’s rules	Atomic physics	Friedrich Hund
Huygens–Fresnel principle	Optics	Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Joule’s laws	Physics	James Joule
Jurin’s law	Physics	James Jurin
Kasha’s rule	Photochemistry	Michael Kasha
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion	Astrophysics	Johannes Kepler
Kirchhoff’s laws	Electronics, thermodynamics	Gustav Kirchhoff
Kopp’s law	Thermodynamics	Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp
Lagrangian point Lagrange reversion theorem Lagrange polynomial Lagrange’s four-square theorem Lagrange’s theorem Lagrange’s theorem (group theory) Lagrange invariant Lagrange multiplier	Mathematics, Astrophysics	Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Lambert’s cosine law	Physics	Johann Heinrich Lambert
Lamm equation	Chemistry, Biophysics	Ole Lamm
Langmuir equation	Surface Chemistry	Irving Langmuir
Laplace transform Laplace’s equation Laplace operator Laplace distribution Laplace invariant Laplace expansion Laplace principle Laplace limit	Mathematics Physics Probability Theory Statistical mechanics	Pierre-Simon Laplace
Le Chatelier’s principle	Chemistry	Henri Louis le Chatelier
Leibniz’s law	Ontology	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Lenz’s law	Physics	Heinrich Lenz
Leonard–Merritt mass estimator	Astrophysics	Peter Leonard, David Merritt
l’Hôpital’s rule	Mathematics	Guillaume de l’Hôpital
Llinás’s law	Neuroscience	Rodolfo Llinás
Mach principle Mach reflection	Physics	Ernst Mach
Marconi’s law	Radio technology	Guglielmo Marconi
Markovnikov’s rule	Organic chemistry	Vladimir Markovnikov
Maupertuis’s principle	Mathematics	Pierre Louis Maupertuis
Maxwell’s equations Maxwell relations	Electrodynamics Thermodynamics	James Clerk Maxwell
Mendelian inheritance/Mendel’s laws	Genetics	Gregor Mendel
Metcalfe’s law	Network theory	Robert Metcalfe
Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect	Particle physics	Stanislav Mikheyev, Alexei Smirnov, and Lincoln Wolfenstein
Milner–Rado paradox	Mathematical logic	Eric Charles Milner and Richard Rado
Minkowski’s theorem	Number theory	Hermann Minkowski
Mitscherlich’s law	Crystallography Condensed matter physics	Eilhard Mitscherlich
Moore’s law	Computing	Gordon Moore
Nash embedding theorem Nash equilibrium	Topology Game Theory	John Forbes Nash
Nernst equation	Electrochemistry	Walther Nernst
Newton’s law of cooling Newton’s law of universal gravitation Newton’s laws of motion	Thermodynamics Astrophysics Mechanics	Isaac Newton
Niven’s theorem	Mathematics	Ivan Niven
Noether’s theorem	Theoretical physics	Emmy Noether
Nurgaliev’s law	Demography	Nurgaliev’s law
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem	Information theory	Harry Nyquist, Claude Elwood Shannon
Occam’s razor	Philosophy of science	William of Ockham
Ohm’s law	Electronics	Georg Ohm
Osipkov–Merritt model	Astrophysics	Leonid Osipkov, David Merritt
Ostwald dilution law	Physical chemistry	Wilhelm Ostwald
Paley–Wiener theorem	Mathematics	Raymond Paley and Norbert Wiener
Pareto distribution Pareto efficiency Pareto index Pareto principle	Economics	Vilfredo Pareto
Pascal’s law Pascal’s theorem	Physics Geometry	Blaise Pascal
Pauli exclusion principle	Quantum mechanics	Wolfgang Pauli
Peano axioms	Foundational mathematics	Giuseppe Peano
Planck’s law	Electromagnetism	Max Planck
Poincaré–Bendixson theorem	Mathematics	Henri Poincaré and Ivar Otto Bendixson
Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem	Mathematics	Henri Poincaré, George David Birkhoff, and Ernst Witt
Poincaré–Hopf theorem	Mathematics	Henri Poincaré and Heinz Hopf
Poincaré recurrence theorem Poincaré conjecture Poincaré lemma	Mathematics	Henri Poincaré
Poiseuille’s law	Fluidics	Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille
Poisson distribution Poisson’s equation	Statistics Calculus	Siméon Denis Poisson
Price’s theorem	Natural selection	George R. Price
Ptolemy’s theorem	Geometry	Ptolemy
Pythagorean theorem	Geometry	Pythagoras
Raman scattering	Physics	Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Rado’s theorem	Discrete mathematics	Richard Rado
Ramanujan–Nagell equation	Mathematics	Srinivasa Ramanujan and Trygve Nagell
Raoult’s law	Physical chemistry	François-Marie Raoult
Riemann zeta function Riemann hypothesis Riemann integral Riemann lemma Riemannian manifold Riemann sphere Riemann theta function	Number theory, analysis, geometry	Bernhard Riemann
Rolle’s theorem	Differential calculus	Michel Rolle
Saha ionization equation	Plasma physics	Meghnad Saha
Schrödinger equation	Physics	Erwin Schrödinger
Sérsic’s law	Astrophysics	J. L. Sérsic
Snell’s law	Optics	Willebrord van Roijen Snell
Sokolov–Ternov effect	Particle Physics	Arsenij Sokolov and Igor Ternov
Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law	Spectroscopy	Arnold Sommerfeld and Walther Kossel
Stefan–Boltzmann law	Thermodynamics	Jožef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann
Stokes’s law	Fluid mechanics	George Gabriel Stokes
Stoletov’s law	Photoelectric effect	Aleksandr Stoletov
Tarski’s undefinability theorem Tarski’s axioms	Mathematical logic, Geometry	Alfred Tarski
Thales’s theorem	Geometry	Thales
Titius–Bode law	Astrophysics	Johann Daniel Titius and Johann Elert Bode
Torricelli’s law	Physics	Evangelista Torricelli
Umov effect	Physics	Nikolay Umov
Van der Waals equation	Chemistry	Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Vlasov equation	Plasma physics	Anatoly Vlasov
Von Neumann bicommutant theorem Von Neumann entropy von Neumann paradox Von Neumann ergodic theorem Von Neumann universe Von Neumann neighborhood Von Neumann’s trace inequality	Mathematics, Quantum mechanics	John von Neumann
Weinberg–Witten theorem	Quantum Gravity	Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten
Weyl character formula	Mathematics	Hermann Weyl
Wien’s law	Physics	Wilhelm Wien
Wiener–Khinchin theorem	Mathematics	Norbert Wiener and Aleksandr Khinchin
Young–Laplace equation	Fluid dynamics	Thomas Young and Pierre-Simon Laplace
Zipf’s law	Linguistics	George Kingsley Zipf

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Constitutional Law CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

The Concept of “Rule of Law” (CSS Constitutional Law Paper 2016) Solved

Post author By Shahzad F. Malik
Post date July 27, 2018
2 Comments on The Concept of “Rule of Law” (CSS Constitutional Law Paper 2016) Solved

The Concept of “Rule of Law” (CSS Constitutional Law Paper 2016) Solved

The Concept of “Rule of Law” is an integral part of the British constitution. Explain this in the light of Dicey’s Exposition on the rule of law. Also elaborate its present day modern concept in a state. (CSS Constitutional Law Paper 2016)

Rule of Law

The rule of law is a term that is often used but difficult to define. A frequently heard saying is that the rule of law means the government of law, not men. But what is meant by “a government of law, not men”? Aren’t laws made by men and women in their roles as legislators? Don’t men and women enforce the law as police officers or interpret the law as judges?

The idea of the rule of law has been around for a long time. Many societies, including our own, have developed institutions and procedures to try to make the rule of law a reality. These institutions and procedures have contributed to the definition of what makes up the rule of law and what is necessary to achieve it.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Recent Trends in Anthropological Thought

Post author By Shahzad F. Malik
Post date July 20, 2018
1 Comment on Recent Trends in Anthropological Thought

How perspective of Anthropology can be used to study global trends like global warming erosion of biodiversity? (CSS 2017)

RECENT TRENDS IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL THOUGHT

At the outset to point out that although this seeks to describe the development of theories in anthropology since 1950, it is necessary, in order to put this in a proper perspective, to review the past in brief. It shall also be necessary to look at the developments in other disciplines, particularly in linguistics, because they came to provide the basic ideas on which much of the progress in anthropology in recent times largely depends. Anthropological thought has always progressed along two mutually exclusive paths and based on two basically different principles materialist and ideological. The materialists consider that the aim of anthropological study is to find out the basic law that governs the development of society and culture. Among the earlier exponents of this line of thought were Morgan, Tylor, Fraser, Spencer etc. The School of Evolution stood for scientific study of society and culture. In recent times, Cultural Ecology, Ecological Anthropology, Cultural Materialism etc. subscribe to this view.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Role of Human Resource Management in Organizational Performance

Post author By Shahzad F. Malik
Post date July 20, 2018
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Role of Human Resource Management in Organizational Performance

What is Human Resource Management?

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on the recruitment of management and providing direction for the people who work in an organization.

The HRM department members provide the knowledge, necessary tools, training, administrative services, coaching, legal & management advice and talent management oversight that the rest of the organization needs for successful operation.

HRM functions are also performed by line managers who are directly responsible for the engagement, contribution and productivity of their reporting staff members. In a fully integrated talent management system the managers play a significant role in and take ownership responsibility for the recruitment process. They are also responsible for the ongoing development of and retention of superior employees

Organizations also perform HRM functions and tasks by outsourcing various components to outside suppliers and vendors. The tasks those are most frequently outsourced take HR time and energy away from the HR activities that provide the most strategic value to the company. This outsourcing most frequently involves payroll functions but vendors and external consultants can help an organization with HRM in many ways. Specifically, many HR departments outsource background checking, benefits administration, training such as sexual harassment training, temporary staffing, employee handbooks, policy manuals and affirmative action plans.

HR practitioners in a small business who have well-rounded expertise provide a number of services to employees. The areas in which HR maintains control can enhance employees’ perception of HR throughout the workforce when they believe HR considers employees to be its internal customers and renders services with that in mind.

Tags Business Administration

Articles CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects Foreign Articles International Relations Pakistani Newspapers

Are cracks emerging in the Russia-Iran alliance in Syria? | CSS International Relations

Post author By CSS Times
Post date May 24, 2018
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Are cracks emerging in the Russia-Iran alliance in Syria?

By: Eric Randolph, Anais Llobet

Russia’s recent call for foreign forces to leave Syria was seen as a possible turning-point in its tricky alliance with Iran, though analysts say their partnership still has a long way to run.

“With the start of the political process in its most active phase, foreign armed forces will withdraw from Syrian territory,” President Vladimir Putin vowed after meeting his Syrian counterpart Bashar al-Assad in Sochi .

Tags International Relations, Russia-Iran alliance

Articles CSS Notes Current Affairs Pakistani Newspapers

WHAT IS THE KISHANGANGA DISPUTE?

Post author By Guest Author
Post date May 21, 2018
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By: Anwar Iqbal in Washington

WHAT IS THE KISHANGANGA DISPUTE?

THE dispute revolves around a hydroelectric power plant on the Kishanganga River, which is a tributary of the Jhelum and is known as the Neelum in Pakistan.

On May 19, 2018, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the project -which includes a dam on the tributary-barely metres away from the Line of Control in the disputed Kashmir region.

The project will generate 1,713 million units of electricity per year. The dam will divert Jhelum waters to an underground power house. To do so, it will transfer the water from the Gurez Valley back into mainland Kashmir, instead of allowing it to flow into Pakistan.

The Kishanganga River flows through the regions of Neelum in AJK and Astore before entering the India-held region of Gurez. The dam will give India control over a river that flows from Pakistan into India-held Kashmir and then re-enters Pakistan.

Tags Kishanganga dam, KISHANGANGA DISPUTE, Neelum-Jhelum project

CSS Notes Pakistan Affairs

NON-STATE ACTORS

Non-state actors (NSA) are entities that participate or act in international relations. They are organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even though they do not belong to any established institution of a state.

The admission of non-state actors into international relations theory conflicts with the assumptions of realism and other black box theories of international relations, which argue that interactions between states are the main relationships of interest in studying international events.

Tags act in international relations, CSS Pakistan Affairs, Multinational corporations, NON-STATE ACTORS

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Governor General and Viceroy of Indo-Pak Subcontinent

Post author By Shahzad F. Malik
Post date May 18, 2018
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Governor General of British India | British India (Indo-Pak Subcontinent)

Governor General of British India (Indo-Pak Subcontinent)

Warren Hastings (1772-1785) | Governor General of British India

First Governor General of India. By the Regulating Act of 1773, brought the Dual government system to an end. Zamindars were given judicial powers; establishment of civil and criminal courts in each district. In 1781, he founded the Calcutta Madrasa, for promotion of Islamic studies. He founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784. | Governor General of British India

Sir John Macpherson (1785-1786)

He held the post temporarily

Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)

Introduced Permanent Settlement of Bengal (also called Zamindari system). It was an agreement between East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land. He introduced Police reforms according to which each district was divided into 400 square miles and placed under a police superintendent. Introduction of Civil Services in India. | Governor General of British India

Sir John Shore (1793-1798)

He followed policy of non-intervention. Introduced Charter Act of 1793 | Governor General of British India

Tags CSS Pakistan Affairs, Governor General of British India, History of Indo Pak, Pakistani Affairs, Viceroy of British India

CSS Notes World General Knowledge

Some Geographical Terms of Terminology

Post author By Shahzad F. Malik
Post date May 9, 2018
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Geographical Terms, Physical Geography, Geography for CSS

Some Geographical Terms of Terminology

Anticyclones	A region of high atmospheric pressure surrounded by low atmospheric pressure.
Asteroids	Small star shaped planetary bodies, moving between Mars and Jupiter.
Atmosphere	Cover of air that stretches up to six hundred miles above the earth. If an aero planes passes out of this cover, it will be able to reach any planet without any difficulty, because gravitation does not exert its pull beyond this hemisphere. Check Also: 10 Surprising Facts About the Human Brain You Didn’t Know
Aurora Borealis	Beautiful light of the sunset seen late all night in the North hemisphere.
Axis	Imaginary line passing through the center of the earth from North and South Pole.
Bar	A bank of sand near the mouth of river.
Bathysphere	Inner portion of the earth.
Bore	A high tide running up a river.
Cardinal Points	Four main directions-North, South, East and West
Comets	Stars with long, luminous tails seen from time to time in the sky.
Continental Islands	Islands lying near the shore of a continent-
Continental Shelf	Sea near the shore of a country and more than six hundred feet in depth. If
Contours	Lines of a map drawn through heights of the same live above the sea.
Cyclones	A low pressure system area in which the wind blows spirally
Date Line	An imaginary line pointing north-south approximating to Meridian 180° (east to west) where the date changes by one day the Foment it is crossed.
Delta	A triangular piece of land at the mouth of river. \| Geographical Terms
Elliptic	The course of the earth round the sun. \| Geographical Terms
Equator	An imaginary line around the earth at equal distance from the two poles. \| Geographical Terms
Fog	When the atmospheric moisture touches cold earth and condenses on dust particles. \| Geographical Terms
High Seas	The open seas away from all countries and not under the control of any nation. \| Geographical Terms
High Water	The highest point to which the tide comes on the seashore. \| Geographical Terms
Iceberg	Huge mass of ice separated from glacier in the Polar Regions. These masses of ice float in the oceans with nine parts submerged in the ocean and one part visible. \| Geographical Terms
Igloo	Eskimo dome-shaped hut. \| Geographical Terms

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