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CSS Notes General Science & Ability Notes

What is Earthquake? | General Science & Ability Notes

General Science & Ability Notes | What is Earthquake?

(CSS 1989, 1998, 2008, 2012)


Q: What is an earth quake? Discuss Richter scale in this context. What was the intensity of the earth quake in Pakistan dated 26 October 2015 and where was the locus? (CSS 2016)

Earthquake

Earthquake shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by rapid movement of the Earth’s rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the Earth, usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of the Earth by earthquake waves. The study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called Seismology (from the Greek seismos, “to shake”). Scientists who study earthquakes are called seismologists.

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CSS Notes Pakistan Affairs Notes

Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal

Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal

Notes of Pakistan Affairs by Prof. Dr. Hassan Askari

The Development of Muslim Identity and Two-Nation Theory and Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal

The sense of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the establishment of Pakistan. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity and interests and shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority. They adopted the strategy to get constitutional safeguards from the British against the cruel majority of Hindus but because of the antagonistic treatment from the rivals they set the goal of a separate state. Islam had central place to their further developments.

The role of leadership is very important to put nation on the way. A good leadership infuses the qualities of awareness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and defense against the adversaries. The Muslims were lucky having such competent leadership.

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CSS Notes Pakistan Affairs Notes

Ideology of Pakistan | Pakistan Affairs Notes by Prof. Dr. Hassan Askari

Ideology of Pakistan

Notes of Pakistan Affairs by Prof. Dr. Hassan Askari

Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained in the social consciousness of the people. It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system that gives order and meaning to life and human action.

Ideology emphasizes on some particular principles, ideals and blueprint for the future. It is a review of the existing political, social and economic arrangements that create consciousness based on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes certain actions and philosophies. Ideology gives nation a direction and worldview and its implementation is the responsibility of the concerned people.

Ideology of Pakistan

The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their future in a ‘Democratic India’ dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state.

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CSS Notes General Science & Ability

Motions of the Earth | General Science & Ability Notes

Motions of the Earth

Q: Briefly explain what effects are produced due to Rotation & Revolution of Earth (CSS-2017)

The Earth is constantly in motion, revolving around the Sun and rotating on its axis. These motions account for many of the phenomenon we see as normal occurrences: night and day, changing of the seasons, and different climates in different regions. With a globe ball properly mounted and rotating on its axis, the movements of the Earth around the Sun may be illustrated accurately.

Rotation

The Earth spins on its axis from West to East (counter-clockwise). It takes the Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.09 seconds to complete one full turn. Day and night are produced by the rotation of the Earth. The speed of rotation at any point upon the equator is at the rate of approximately 1,038 miles per hour, decreasing to zero at the poles.

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CSS Notes Pakistan Affairs Pakistan Affairs Notes

Khilafat Movement was “An Emotional Movement” | Pakistan Affairs Notes

“Khilafat Movement was an emotional movement”. Discuss (Pakistan Affairs CSS Paper 2015)

Khilafat Movement was “An Emotional Movement”

1. Introduction

There is an assumption that the Muslims can only be mobilized politically if religion, and religious symbols are used. If it is true, it means that politics requires religion to survive and to play an active role in the Muslim society. In the word of poet Iqbal if religion is separated from politics, it becomes a tyranny.

However, there are two aspects of the use of religion. In the case of despotic and authoritarian systems, where power is concentrated in the hands of an individual, such as a monarchy or dictatorship, the religious scholars (ulama) are used by them to support their political ends. There are plenty examples in history as to how the kings and rulers asked the ulama to issue fatwas (religious injunctions) in their favour or in support of their policies.

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CSS Notes General Science & Ability General Science & Ability Notes

The Solar System | General Science & Ability Notes for CSS

General Science & Ability Notes for CSS

The Solar System (CSS 2008/2009)

Our solar system consists of the sun, planets, dwarf planets (or plutoids), moons, an asteroid belt, comets, meteors, and other objects. The sun is the center of our solar system; the planets, over 61 moons, the asteroids, comets, meteoroids and other rocks and gas all orbit the Sun. Our solar system is always in motion. Eight known planets and their moons, along with comets, asteroids, and other space objects orbit the Sun. The Sun is the biggest object in our solar system. It contains more than 99% of the solar system’s mass. Astronomers think the solar system is more than 4.5 billion years old.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Introduction to Gender Studies | CSS Gender Studies Notes

Introduction to Gender Studies

Gender Studies is an academic area of study that critically examines how gender shapes our identities, our social interactions and our world. Through exposure to interdisciplinary perspectives, students develop a framework for thinking about power relations and the ways that those relations are shaped and challenged by intersecting constructions of gender, race, class, sexuality, ability, age and nationality. Gender Studies examines everyday experiences, social and political institutions, literary and philosophical contributions, and past and present ideas and world events. The discipline provides students with tools to engage with and critically analyze these areas.

The field is struggling for the meaning of gender in this society. There are many societal factors that may endorse the study and even some elements negate them. The supporters of the gender studies pursuit it for the sake of general interest and the elements who negates it are doing so at individual basis. There is only one subject, introduced by the societal thinkers, impartial scholars and true learners about the gender studies, so that students can get familiar with gender at broad perspective. Under the normal circumstances, the four dimensions of this segment of the society studied in Gender studies.

Gender/sex plays a role in almost all spheres of life. It is an important aspect of politics and economy. It has an impact on everything from working life to intimate relations. It makes itself felt in war and in love.

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CSS Notes General Science & Ability

Dark Matter and Dark Energy | General Science & Ability Notes

Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Q: Explain the terms Dark Energy and Dark Matter (CSS-2018)


 Dark Matter

In calculating the total mass-energy of the universe, astrophysicists find that baryonic matter, the type composed of atoms, accounts for only about 4 percent of the total mass-energy of the universe. The remaining 96 percent of mass is about 21 percent dark matter and 75 percent dark energy.

Dark matter has been impossible to investigate directly because it does not interact with electromagnetic radiation –visible light, infrared, etc. It has so far been identified only by its effects, especially its gravitational effects on galaxies and other large-scale entities, and also by its influence on the cosmic background radiation.

In the early universe, dark matter played a dominant role in the formation of the early galaxies. The cold gases in the universe gravitated to scattered dark matter densities. Where sufficient gas accumulated, star clusters and galaxies formed. Astronomers today maintain that each galaxy is enveloped in a halo of dark matter, and the halo applies so much force that the outside edge of a galaxy rotates about as fast as the deep interior. It is the halo of dark matter that prevents a galaxy from flying apart.

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CSS Notes General Science & Ability

What do you know about the Milky Way? | General Science & Ability Notes

General Science & Ability Notes for CSS, PCS

Q: What do you know about the Milky Way? (CSS- 1987)


Solution:

Milky Way

The Milky Way, or simply the Galaxy, is the galaxy in which the Solar System is located. It is a barred spiral galaxy that is part of the Local Group of galaxies. It is one of billions of galaxies in the observable universe The Milky Way contains at least 100 billion stars and may have up to 400 billion stars. All the objects in the Milky Way Galaxy orbit their common center of mass, called the Galactic Center

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CSS Notes General Science & Ability

What is galaxy? The Earth belongs to which galaxy? | General Science & Ability Notes

Q: What is galaxy? The Earth belongs to which galaxy? (CSS 2011)

Galaxy

A galaxy is a large scale aggregate of stars, plus some gas, dust, and possibly. Solar systems, which are held together by gravity.

Early astronomers would look into the Universe with Their telescopes and notice “milky” areas that they could not be defined as one star. Sir William Herschel, in the late 1700’s, counted stars and recorded them, developed a notion of the Galaxy. The Galaxy referred to our own Milky Way with its billions of stars, with our Sun and planets being a component. Other galaxies were found throughout the Universe. These islands of stars had different shapes and sizes. The Andromeda Galaxy is spiral, and is larger than our Milky Way Galaxy.