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Kashmir—a nuclear flash point | Essay, Current Affairs Notes

Kashmir—a nuclear flash point | Essay, Current Affairs Notes

Kashmir—a nuclear flash point | Essay, Current Affairs Notes

By: Muhammad Zahid Rifat

This article will be helpful for CSS English Essays, Current Affairs Notes and Pakistan Affairs

Pakistan has quite emphatically reiterated that the government and the people are committed to standing by and supporting their Kashmiri brothers and sisters in their legitimate struggle for self-determination. The brave, courageous, determined and committed Kashmiri people will never submit to Indian forced occupation and oppression; their struggle is indigenous, they are indeed fighting for a just cause and laying down their lives generation after generation for more than seven decades to rid themselves of Indian occupation.

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CSS Pakistan Affairs Notes | Historic Struggle for Pakistan (1857 – 1947) (Download in PDF)

CSS Pakistan Affairs Notes | Historic Struggle for Pakistan (1857 - 1947) (PDF)

Historic Struggle for Pakistan (1857 – 1947)

Writer’s Note

The present work is based on Urdu Version published some six years back by the Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. It is a very brief but a compact summary of the salient features of the great Struggle for Pakistan fought under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

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Glaciers in Pakistan | Pakistan General Knowledge

Glaciers in Pakistan | World General Knowledge

Glaciers in Pakistan | Pakistan General Knowledge

With 7,253 known glaciers, including 543 in the Chitral Valley, there is more glacial ice in Pakistan than anywhere on Earth outside the polar regions, according to various studies. Those glaciers feed rivers that account for about 75 percent of the stored-water supply in the country of at least 200 million.

But as in many other parts of the world, researchers say, Pakistan’s glaciers are receding, especially those at lower elevations, including here in the Hindu Kush mountain range in northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Among the causes cited by scientists: diminished snowfall, higher temperatures, heavier summer rainstorms and rampant deforestation.

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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the “Five Ps”

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the “Five Ps”

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the “Five Ps”

After the Millennium Development Goals in 2000, the United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution, “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” There are 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) that are geared towards improving the world and the lives of its inhabitants, which can be categorised into the “five Ps”; people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership.

People

The SGDs on ending poverty, hunger, allowing for individuals to have good health and well-being, the provision of quality education, access to clean water and sanitation and striving for gender equality can all be included in the broad ambit of ‘people’. Improving the lives of people, as a collective and on an individual level, is one of the central focuses of the UN in the next ten years. It is hoped that by 2030, all member states will have made significant changes to provide people with these basic necessities. Beyond ending poverty and hunger, ensuring dignity and equality must also take precedence moving forward, Sustainable Development.

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Pakistan Affairs Notes

Pakistan Political History (1972-2003) | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

Pakistan Political History (1972-2003) | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

Pakistan Political History (1972-2003) | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

1: Pakistan Political History 1972-1977:

Z. A. Bhutto assumed power on December 20, 1971. First he became President of Pakistan and also the first civilian Chief Marshal Law Administrator. Pakistan Political History

Major Policies

The first task was the Constitution making. In 1972 Interim Constitution was adopted and then the

Parliament of Pakistan unanimously adopted 1973 Constitution, Pakistan Political History.

The major policy of Mr. Bhutto was Nationalisation. His government nationalised:

  1. Emerald mines in Swat
  2. Key industries like Iron & Steel, Basic metals, heavy engineering, heavy electrical, Motor Vehicles & Tractors, Heavy & Basic Chemicals, Petro- Chemicals, Cement, Gas, Oil Refinery etc.
  3. Life Insurance in 1972
  4. Banks in 1974
  5. Schools and Colleges in 1972. New University Ordinance was issued in 1973.
  6. Managing and sub-agencies were abolished.
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Pakistan Affairs Notes

Pakistan Political History (1947-1971) | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

Pakistan Political History (1947-1971) | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

Pakistan Political History (1947-1971) | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

1: First Eleven Years (1947-58)

Pakistan won independence under extremely difficult conditions. The next task was setting up of a new state.

There was no administrative structure. Riots, refugee’s problem and economic pressures were challenging for the new state.

Negative attitude from Indian government and war on Kashmir created problems in relations with India.

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Pakistan Affairs Notes

The 1973 Constitution | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

1973 Constitution | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

The 1973 Constitution | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

1. Background
2. Constitution Making
3. Features

1. Background

Abrogation of the 1962 Constitution on March 25, 1969 led to second martial law in the country. Yahya Khan handed over power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on December 20, 1971 after the first general elections. But martial law continued and there was no constitution.

National Assembly approved an Interim Constitution, which was enforced on April 21, 1972.

2: Constitution Making

Constitutional Committee comprising National Assembly (NA) members from all parties was set up in April 1972. Law Minister was the Chairman of this Committee.

All parties agreed on the future political system in October 1972. The Committee reported on December 31, 1972. After long deliberations and compromises final draft was approved unanimously on April 10, 1973. The new Constitution was enforced on August 14, 1973.

The Constitution functioned since then with two gaps. It remained operational during following periods:

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Pakistan Affairs Notes

The 1962 Constitution | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

1962 Constitution | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

The 1962 Constitution | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

1: Background

Military took over on 7 October 1958 and consequently Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator. One major task was to frame a new Constitution. The administration was critical of Parliamentary system because it caused instability in the past. They sought stability of the nation in the gradual development of democracy.

2: 1962 Constitution Making

The government introduced Basic Democracies in October 1959. Under this system Forty Thousand basic democrats (local councilors) were to be elected in each province. They have to perform functions as local government and their role in developmental work. They also acted as an electoral college for the election of president and the national assembly.

Elections for the Basic Democracies (BD) were held in December 1959 and January 1960. Then Presidential referendum was held by the elected BD members on February 17, 1960. A Constitutional Commission was established in February 1960 under the chairmanship of Justice Shahabuddin, former Chief Justice. The tasks assigned to the Commission were:

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The 1956 Constitution | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

The 1956 Constitution

The 1956 Constitution | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

The Constitution of 1956 was passed after long deliberations. It replaced the Interim Constitution. It has 234 Articles and 6 Schedules. It declared that the name of the country would be the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

There was clear impact of the Government of India Act, 1935 and the Interim Constitution.

Features

1: Parliamentary System

Executive Authority vested in the President who exercised it on the advice of the Prime Minister except in the matters he had discretion.

President had ceremonial functions and exercised limited powers.

The President would be of 45 years of age, Muslim and qualified to be a member of National Assembly.

He was to be elected by National Assembly (NA) and Provincial Assemblies.

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Counter Terrorism Policy of Pakistan | (Current Affairs Paper, CSS 2015)

Counter Terrorism Policy of Pakistan | (Current Affairs Paper, CSS 2015)

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BS-17, UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2015
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, PAPER-II (CURRENT AFFAIRS)

Q.8. Critically evaluate the counter terrorism policy of Pakistan and suggest measures to eradicate this evil.

Introduction

The security operation restored the confidence of the global community in the capacity of the Pakistan military to deal effectively with terrorism. This was the main reason that the army chief received extraordinary attention during his visits to the US, the UK and China. This also contributed to changing the security-related interaction between Pakistan’s security establishment and the new Afghan government led by President Ashraf Ghani. These two countries are now involved in a more active cooperative interaction for dealing with security matters, especially counter terrorism.

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