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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects World General Knowledge

A Chronology of Key Events of US History

A Chronology of Key Events of US History

A Chronology of Key Events of US History

1565 – First permanent European settlement in North America United States profile – St Augustine, present-day Florida – founded by the Spanish. North America is already inhabited by several distinct groups of people, who go into decline following the arrival of settlers.

1607 – Jamestown, Virginia, founded by English settlers, who begin growing tobacco.

War of Independence

1775 – American Revolution: George Washington leads colonist Continental Army to fight against British rule.

1776 4 July – Thomas Jefferson’s American Declaration of Independence endorsed by Congress; colonies declare independence.

1781 – Rebel states form loose confederation, codified in Articles of Confederation, after defeating the British at the Battle of Yorktown.

1783 – Britain accepts loss of colonies by virtue of Treaty of Paris.

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World General Knowledge

Famous Revolutionaries | World General Knowledge Series

Famous Revolutionaries | World General Knowledge Series

Famous Revolutionaries | World General Knowledge Series

Spartacus (c. 109–71 BC)

  • One of the slave leaders who led a major revolt against the Roman Empire, in the Third Servile War. Spartacus has become symbolic of revolutionary leaders fighting oppression.

William Wallace (1270-1305)

  • Scottish rebel who led an uprising against the English during the Scottish wars of independence.

Joan of Arc (1412-1431)

  • A most unlikely revolutionary who inspired the French Dauphin to renew the French fight against occupying English forces. Seven years after death, as she had predicted, the English were defeated.

Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658)

  • British politician and military leader, who led Parliamentary forces during the English civil war. Cromwell’s victory saw the temporary overthrow of the English monarchy, and the supremacy of Parliament asserted.

Maximilien Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

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CSS Notes English Notes

Famous Characters in English Literature | English Literature Notes

Famous Characters in English Literature | English Literature Notes

Famous Characters in English Literature | English Literature Notes

Absolute, Sir Anthony;
A famous character in Sheridan’s The Rivals. He is an old gentleman with a warm heart. He is one of the most popular characters in English comedy.

Adams, Parson
A village parson in Fielding’s Joseph Andrews. He is a very pious and simple-hearted fellow. He is utterly ignorant of the ways of the world and is the chief source of humour in the novel.

Admirable Crichton
A butler in J. M. Barrie’s famous fantasy play of the same title.

Achilles
The hero of Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida. He became lazy and devoted to the love of Patroclus.

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CSS Notes General Science & Ability Notes

Volcanoes | CSS General Science & Ability Notes

Volcanoes | CSS General Science & Ability Notes

Volcanoes (CSS 1999, 2012)

CSS General Science & Ability Notes

A volcano is a place on the Earth’s surface (or any other planet’s or moon’s surface) where molten rock, gases and pyroclastic debris erupt through the earth’s crust. Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure – some are cracks in the earth’s crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a crater at the summit.

Magma is molten rock within the Earth’s crust. When magma erupts through the earth’s surface it is called lava. Lava can be thick and slow-moving or thin and fast-moving. Rock also comes from volcanoes in other forms, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcano), cinders (bits of fragmented lava), and pumice (light-weight rock that is full of air bubbles and is formed in explosive volcanic eruptions – this type of rock can float on water).

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CSS Notes Pakistan Affairs Notes

Constitutional Development in British India | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Constitutional Development in British India | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Constitutional Development in British India

Following acts were introduced by the British government in India.

  1. Indian Councils Act, 1861
  2. Indian Councils Act, 1892
  3.  Government of India Act, 1909
  4. Government of India Act, 1919
  5. Government of India Act, 1935

End of East India Company’s Rule:

On August 2, 1858 British Parliament passed a law for complete takeover of all rights of the East India Company over India. Post of Secretary of State for India was created through the cabinet. The Secretary of State for India was empowered about government and revenues of India.

On November 1, 1858 Queen Victoria issued a proclamation for the assumption of control of India by the British Crown. Lord Canning, Governor General of India was given the title of “Viceroy.” He continued in office but not as the Company’s representative but direct representative of British Crown. Moreover armies of the Company came under British Control.

Indian Council Act, 1861

This act was the first legislation by the British government in India. Before that laws were promulgated by the East India Company.

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CSS Notes Current Affairs World General Knowledge

Current Federal Cabinet of Pakistan (Ministers, Advisers, Assistants, Secretaries)

Current Federal Cabinet of Pakistan

Current Federal Cabinet of Pakistan

Prime Minister / Leader of House:

Mr. Imran Khan

CURRENT FEDERAL MINISTERS

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects Gender Studies

Gender Studies Notes | Theories of Social Construction of Gender

Theories of Social Construction of Gender

CSS Gender Studies Notes

What are the theories of social construction of gender? (CSS-2016)

Social construction is something you might not be aware of. You are somewhat living in segregation depending on what gender, race and class you are. Race, class and gender don’t really mean anything. They only have a meaning because society gives them a meaning. Social construction is how society groups people and how it privileges certain groups over others. For example, you are a woman or a man because society tells you that you are, not because you choose to be. Simple as that. Just like it tells you what race you’re classified as and what social class you belong in. It is all just a social process that makes us differentiate between what’s “normal” and what’s not “normal.”

According to the author of “Night To His Day: The Social Construction of Gender,”, Judith Lorber (born November 28, 1931) is Professor Emerita of Sociology and Women’s Studies at The CUNY Graduate Center and Brooklyn College of the City University of New York.) the social construction of gender begins “with the assignment to a sex category on the basis of what the genitalia look like at birth” When a baby is born, the first thing a doctor does is look at the baby’s genitalia in order to determine whether it will be a boy or a girl; this is the beginning of the gender process of social construction. After they are classified as boy or girl, parents become part of this societal process as they start dressing them with colors that identify their gender. The “normal” thing to do in this case would be for baby girls to be dressed in pink and baby boys to be dressed in blue. It is just not normal to dress your baby boy in pink or your baby girl in blue, right? The reason for this is because society has made colors become a symbol to distinguish boys from girls. After this, as children grow up they start learning how they are supposed to act by observing and imitating the people of the same gender as them; girls should act like their mommy and boys should act like their daddy. Each gender is expected to dress and act in a certain way, but these behaviors then lead to stereotypes.

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World General Knowledge

Ten Things You Did not Know About The Kaaba – The House of Allah

Ten Things You Didn’t Know About The Kaaba - The House of Allah

Ten Things You Did not Know About The Kaaba – The House of Allah

There is no place on Earth as venerated, as central or as holy to as many people as Makkah. By any objective standard, this valley in the Hijaz region of Arabia is the most celebrated place on Earth.

Thousands circle the sacred Kaaba at the centre of the Haram sanctuary 24 hours a day. Millions of homes are adorned with pictures of it and over a billion face it five times a day.

The Kaaba is the epicenter of Mecca.

The cube shaped building is at the heart of the most well-known real estate in the history of mankind; it is shrouded in black and its fair share of mystery.

Here are just a few things that most people may not know about the Kaaba:

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CSS Notes Pakistan Affairs Notes

Towards Independence, 1947 | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Towards Independence, 1947 | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Towards Independence, 1947 | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Civil Disobedience Movements:

The ML decided to confront the political situation through the protesting means for the first time. The Congress had been working on these lines but the Muslim leaders considered politics a gentle man’s game. Now when the British government joined hands to oust the Muslims from the constitutional and moral position they decided to launch ‘Direct Action.’ The ML revised its decision rejecting the Cabinet Mission Plan. Direct Action Day (August 16, 1946) was a protest against the British policy of injustice towards the Muslims. The Hindu attacks transmuted the course of the protests and concluded huge life casualties. The Calcutta massacre convinced Lord Wavell to bridge the ML-Congress to some settlement.

Wavell tried to prepare Nehru and Gandhi to coordinate the ML. It was imperative to do because Muslim League (95% seats) refused to join the Legislative Assembly. Congress rejected all the possible offers even from the government. Churchill snubbed the Labour government on the Calcutta riots and the Viceroy requested Jinnah to join the Interim Government that Jinnah accepted. On October 25, 1946, the members of the Executive Council were finalized.

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CSS Notes Pakistan Affairs Notes

Major Political Developments in 1945-46 | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Major Political Developments in 1945-46 | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Major Political Developments in 1945-46
Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Political Situation in 1945

During the World War ll, the British sought Indian military cooperation and offered political and constitutional changes after the war. They desired to expand the Viceroy’s Executive Council.

Lord Wavell arranged Simla Conference during June-July 1945 in which all the political parties participated by sending their representatives. Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad represented the Muslim League (ML) and the Congress respectively. Maulana Azad claimed Congress as sole representative party of all the peoples living in India. Jinnah considered the ML the only political party of the Indian Muslims and on this the ML had right to appoint Muslim members to the Council. This issue could not be dissolved and the differences between the ML and the Congress increased.

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