THE dispute revolves around a hydroelectric power plant on the Kishanganga River, which is a tributary of the Jhelum and is known as the Neelum in Pakistan.
On May 19, 2018, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the project -which includes a dam on the tributary-barely metres away from the Line of Control in the disputed Kashmir region.
The project will generate 1,713 million units of electricity per year. The dam will divert Jhelum waters to an underground power house. To do so, it will transfer the water from the Gurez Valley back into mainland Kashmir, instead of allowing it to flow into Pakistan.
The Kishanganga River flows through the regions of Neelum in AJK and Astore before entering the India-held region of Gurez. The dam will give India control over a river that flows from Pakistan into India-held Kashmir and then re-enters Pakistan.
Non-state actors (NSA) are entities that participate or act in international relations. They are organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even though they do not belong to any established institution of a state.
The admission of non-state actors into international relations theory conflicts with the assumptions of realism and other black box theories of international relations, which argue that interactions between states are the main relationships of interest in studying international events.
Governor General of British India (Indo-Pak Subcontinent)
Warren Hastings (1772-1785) | Governor General of British India
First Governor General of India. By the Regulating Act of 1773, brought the Dual government system to an end. Zamindars were given judicial powers; establishment of civil and criminal courts in each district. In 1781, he founded the Calcutta Madrasa, for promotion of Islamic studies. He founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784. | Governor General of British India
Sir John Macpherson (1785-1786)
He held the post temporarily
Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)
Introduced Permanent Settlement of Bengal (also called Zamindari system). It was an agreement between East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land. He introduced Police reforms according to which each district was divided into 400 square miles and placed under a police superintendent. Introduction of Civil Services in India. | Governor General of British India
Sir John Shore (1793-1798)
He followed policy of non-intervention. Introduced Charter Act of 1793 | Governor General of British India
Simple Ways to Memorise All the Current Affairs & GK for Competitive Exams
Asslam-o-Elikum and welcome to CSSTimes.pk. A lot of Aspirants have asked us…… How to get ready for General Knowledge and Current Affairs for the CSS Exams and all other Competitive Exams.
So I am sharing 4 possible Ways to reading and memorize Current Affairs and General Knowledge!
Before we set in motion you have to keep in mind a few important points regarding this:
In order to retain information about General Knowledge and Current Awareness for coming exams, constantly make sure your PERCEPTION is 100 percent clear about this.
Keep on the track and you will end up where you want to be. Never miss reading newspaper or current affairs more than a week.
Why India wants more presence in Afghanistan | CSS Current Affairs
The enemy of an enemy is always a friend. In our field of study this can be termed as a strategic partner or an ally. That is the sort of relationship India is trying to build with Afghanistan. Our next door neighbour in the West is India’s dream ‘backdoor entrance’ into Pakistan. It’d be ideal for the Indians to manipulate the Afghan-Pakistan situation to their favour by buying the Afghan loyalty and using it against their one true enemy. However, unfortunately for India, we do not live in Narnia and things are not as magically easy as they would want them to be. The situation might seem to be in favour of the Indians at present since they have managed to build cordial relations with Afghanistan but it can’t be understated that an Afghanistan minus Pakistan is not possible.
Let’s take a step back and discuss things objectively. There is no doubt about the fact that there is only one thing common amongst the otherwise divided Afghan government and that is their blame for Pakistan. They blame us for their problems. These allegations are obviously baseless but that is something to be discussed in another debate. Right now the aspect that needs to be focused on is that the Indians have no brotherly affiliation or cultural proximity with the Afghans, unlike Pakistan. They are merely trying to use their land as a playground for their massacre intended for Pakistan. Undoubtedly they are smart about it as we all know strategic planning with a hint of negativity is a part of India’s skill set and they feel no shame in using it anywhere and everywhere. Their $200 million aid to be spread over the future five years is not a step to help Afghanistan stand up on its own feet in terms of education, infrastructure, health and other aspects of a state. This is actually their attempt to have a more dependent state that comes running to India in all times of need. One can simply not ignore the wish of their Godfather and the Afghans will be no exception.
They blame Pakistan for using their land in war to gain favours from the Americans but the question is, why love India when that is exactly what they are doing as well? India is only strengthening Afghanistan up to the extent where it is stable enough to be used and manipulated against Pakistan. Yes, they are investing in their institutions in the present scenario but that is only so that they can reap what they sow in the past. There is one single reason why India wants more presence in Afghanistan, to threaten Pakistan from both sides when the time comes. It seems like all of India’s military and conventional strategies seem to be revolving around Pakistan’s lack of strategic depth. Their self-declared victory bound Cold Start Doctrine and their other regional pursuits like this venture in Afghanistan all revolves around the single advantage they have and that is Pakistan’s narrow territory. What they don’t realize is that this can and will be used in our favour as well when the time demands it.
However, despite India’s wishes and hopes there are some important factors that cannot be avoided when talking about the Pak-Indo-Afghan triangle. One of the major factors here is the ethnic, cultural and religious similarities that Afghanistan and Pakistan share. The Pashtun element between the two states is very strong and although India tries its best to maneuver this situation and highlight the aspect in negative light to create a rift between the two states and their people, this is not an easy goal to achieve. Pakistan and Afghanistan go long back and here it must be admitted that there is a certain degree of bitter taste and skepticism between the two states but that is something that can be resolved through dialogue and other diplomatic channels. Given all of that the only hurdle or might we say the only force stopping this from happening is the neighbour next door with rapidly growing hegemonic ambitions. They are willing to compromise the security and stability of the region to achieve their selfish desires and this is the only reason why they want more presence in Afghanistan.
Essay Outline: Economic Challenges Faced by Pakistan
It is an open secret that writing standard English and grammatical accuracy play a vital role in success in essay writing for CSS Exam. You should know the art of literary and scholarly writing. It needs a long discussion to expatiate about improving written English but let me give you some rudimentary tips. A basic attribute which is to learn idiomatic usage in writing an essay should be developed. For earning grammatical accuracy in your writing, study English grammar thoroughly (not cursorily) to learn the correct usage of grammatical units i.e. verbs, adverbs, adjective, coordination, subordination, subject-verb agreement, phrasal verbs etc.
Outline
Maximum Size 2.5 Pages
Minimum Size 1.5 Pages
Your outline should be strictly adhered to the topic so that if one reads your Outline without knowing the topic he should reach the topic himself. This is the mirror test of a good outline.
You can use Headings and Sub Headings but keep it in mind make it as lengthy as manageable within time. Too long outline will require time for expansion and closure. You can trim you essay outline if it is too lengthy. But is should not be too short as well.
Your Outline has an effect on the examiner about you.
With his stunning call for elections in just over two months, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is seeking to wrong-foot an unprepared opposition and capitalise on surging nationalist sentiment after his operation in Syria, analysts say.
Erdogan and his party will be the strong favourites to win the simultaneous presidential and parliamentary polls on June 24 but may still be taking a risk against the background of a deteriorating economy.
The polls are significant because after the elections a new executive presidency which critics worry will give the head of state authoritarian powers will come into force.
And if he wins a new five-year mandate then Erdogan who has already been in power as premier and then president for 15 years will be able to enter a third decade in office.
`[Erdogan] wants to show he is the absolute master of the political agenda,` said Dorothee Schmid, head of the French Institute of International Relations` (IFRI) Turkey Programme.
The polls had originally been due to be held on Nov 3, 2019.
`The effect of surprise is part of his tactics to control the opposition, both inside and out, thus restoring the balance of power in his f avour,` said Schmid.
Clear favourite to win
The main opposition secular Republican People`s Party (CHP) has yet to even name its presidential candidate while the breakaway nationalist f orm ation of ex-interior minister Meral Aksener, the Iyi (Good) Party, was only set up in October.
The pro-Kurdish Peoples` Democratic Party (HDP), meanwhile, has been weakened by the arrests of its most prominent figures and will prioritise making the 10 percent threshold to win seats in parliament.
`Checkmate`, read the headline in pro government daily YeniSafak on its front page on Thursday.
Berk Esen, assistant professor at the department of international relations at Bilkent University in Ankara, said the timing reduced the chance of any opposition alliance that could rattle Erdogan.
`Erdogan may have wanted to go for elections before opposition parties could strike a deal on an electoral coalition.
Esen said Erdogan was the `clear f avourite to win` as the opposition lacked a game plan and, except Aksener`s party, did not even have its candidates ready.
Economic pressures
There has been a surge of nationalist sentiment in Turkey after the army prised control of the Afrin region of northern Syria from Kurdish militia after an operation ordered by Erdogan.
His Islamic-rooted ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) will fight the election in alliance with the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and Erdogan`s rhetoric has become more nationali st-tinge d in recent years.
But in the forefront of the mind of Erdogan a proven election fighter who has won every poll since the AKP came to power in 2002 the economy was likely to have loomed large. While growth in Turkey was 7.4 per cent in 2017, double-digit inflation, a wide current account deficit and the need for debt restructuring at top companies could be harbingers of trouble ahead.
`There is no doubt the decision was made in large part because of economic pressures and the related concern that the AKP`s and Erdogan`s popularity will slip over the course of 2018 and 2019,` said Anthony Skinner, MENA director at global risk consultancy Verisk Maplecroft.
Grown disillusioned
The government has appeared on an elec-tion footing since the start of the year with rallies hosted by Erdogan or Prime Minister Binali Yildirim almost every weekend.
And in a situation already angrily denounced by the opposition, the election will take place under the state of emergency in place since the July 2016 attempted coup, which was renewed for a seventh time on Wednesday.
`I see the decision as a calculated move, for which the costs and benefits have been carefully weighed up,` said Skinner, noting that the AKP has an `effective` public opinion polling machine.
But it will not all be smooth sailing for the AKP in a highly polarised country roughly split between supporters and opponents of Erdogan.
The executive presidency was only approved in the April 2017 referendum with 51.4 per cent of the vote, despite the `yes` vote enjoying disproportionately favourable media coverage.
This also is the first time that Erdogan has felt the need to call snap polls, although he did order an election re-run in November 2015 af ter the party lost its overall majority in June 2015 polls.
`There are voters who have been seduced by Erdogan at one point and who may have grown disillusioned because of growing authoritarianism,` said Didier Billion, deputy director of the Paris-based Institute for International and Strategic Relations.
`He may lose their voice,` he said.-AFP
Courtesy: Daily Dawn
Watch Video: 25 Preparation Tips on How to Study for CSS at home
What about all the other, deadlier weapons? A PR exercise will change nothing.
President Donald Trump has received applause from all the wrong places for his latest attack on Syria. The Bashar al-Assad regime is brutal, but the U.S. government should not police arbitrary rules of war or, even worse, get involved in someone else’s civil war. The president is being pushed into adopting Hillary Clinton’s policy.
Essay Outline: Promotion of Tax Culture in Pakistan
It is an open secret that writing standard English and grammatical accuracy play a vital role in success in essay writing for CSS Exam. You should know the art of literary and scholarly writing. It needs a long discussion to expatiate about improving written English but let me give you some rudimentary tips. A basic attribute which is to learn idiomatic usage in writing an essay should be developed. For earning grammatical accuracy in your writing, study English grammar thoroughly (not cursorily) to learn the correct usage of grammatical units i.e. verbs, adverbs, adjective, coordination, subordination, subject-verb agreement, phrasal verbs etc.
Outline
Maximum Size 2.5 Pages
Minimum Size 1.5 Pages
Your outline should be strictly adhered to the topic so that if one reads your Outline without knowing the topic he should reach the topic himself. This is the mirror test of a good outline.
You can use Headings and Sub Headings but keep it in mind make it as lengthy as manageable within time. Too long outline will require time for expansion and closure. You can trim you essay outline if it is too lengthy. But is should not be too short as well.
Your Outline has an effect on the examiner about you.
A good essay is a comprehensive composition on a particular topic; beneficial, convincing and easily comprehensible for a reader. Essay writing is a skill of formulating your ideas about a topic in an adequate manner with the aid of rational arguments which convince the reader about what is discoursed in the essay.
The essay is a particularly academic form of writing and is a standard method of developing and demonstrating a student’s intellectual abilities at almost all levels of a humanities degree programme. Developing skills in essay-writing is, therefore, crucial to success in your studies.
QUESTION FORMAT (CSS Exam): Make an outline and write a COMPREHENSIVE ESSAY (2500 – 3500 words) on any one on the given topics. Make sure you use different forms of discourse e.g. description, narration, illustration etc.
How to write an Essay
In essay writing, the most important starting point is to listen carefully to what the essay title is telling you.
