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What is Tsunami? Their Generated & Characteristics | CSS General Science & Ability Notes

What is Tsunami Their Generated & Characteristics CSS General Science & Ability Notes

Q: Describe different causes of Tsunami’. Is there any difference between a Tsunami and a tidal wave? Name the worst Tsunami ever recorded. (CSS-2018)

Q: What is tsunami? How the tsunamis generated and what are their characteristics? (CSS-2016)

What does “tsunami” mean? (CSS-2016/2018)

Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, “harbor wave.” Represented by two characters, the top character, “tsu,” means harbor, while the bottom character, “nami,” means “wave.” In the past, tsunamis were sometimes referred to as “tidal waves” by the general public, and as “seismic sea waves” by the scientific community.

Characteristics (CSS-2018)

A tsunami can have wavelengths of 100 to 200 km, and may travel hundreds of kilometers across the deep ocean, reaching speed s of about 725 to 800 km/h. Upon entering shallow coastal waters, however, the waves may suddenly grow rapidly in height. When the waves reach the shore, they may be up to 30m high or more.

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CSS Notes Pakistan Affairs Notes

The Objectives Resolution (1949) | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

The Objectives Resolution (1949), Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS PMS

The Objectives Resolution (1949) | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS-PMS

The Objectives Resolution was the first constitutional document that proved to be the ‘foundation’ of the constitutional developments in Pakistan. It provided parameters and sublime principles to the legislators. It made the constitution-making process easy task setting some particular objectives before them that would be acceptable to the people of Pakistan who had suffered a lot under the Hindu-dominated majority. The Resolution was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the then Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and approved on March 12, 1949.

The Constituent Assembly (1947-54)

The first Constituent Assembly came into existence under Indian Independence Act 1947. The elections were held in July 1946 to decide the destiny of the All India Muslim League (AIML)’s claim that it is the only representative party of the Indian Muslims that desire separate homeland, Pakistan. The members from the districts that became part of Pakistan were declared members of the Constituent Assembly. The number of such members was 69. It increased to 79 after the 1947 when some states joined Pakistan and then increase in the population. There were two major parties, Muslim League and Congress in the Assembly at that time. This Assembly had dual functions to perform.

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English (Precis and Composition) English Grammar English Notes

Profession, Work or Study Idioms (for CSS and related Competitive Exams)

Profession, Work or Study Idioms (for CSS & related Competitive Exams)

Profession, Work or Study Idioms
for CSS and related Competitive Exams)

Agony aunt
An agony aunt is a newspaper columnist who gives advice to people having problems, especially personal ones.

All in a day’s work
If something is all in a day’s work, it is nothing special.

Bad workers always blame their tools
“A bad worker always blames their tools” – If somebody does a job badly or loses in a game and claims that they were let down by their equipment, you can use this to imply that this was not the case.

Baker’s dozen
A Baker’s dozen is 13 rather than 12.

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Constitutional Law CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Parliamentary – Constitutional Structure | CSS Constitutional Law Notes

Parliamentary - Constitutional Structure CSS Constitutional Law Notes

Parliamentary – Constitutional Structure
CSS Constitutional Law Notes

The modern concept of prime ministerial government originated in the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800) and its contemporary, the Parliamentary System in Sweden (1721–1772)

In a parliamentary system, by contrast, the legislature holds supreme power. The prime minister is chosen by members of the legislature (Parliament) from among their own number and in practice is the leader of the majority party in the legislature. The cabinet members must also belong to the legislature, where they are subject to the same kind of questioning that the prime minister experiences. If the prime minister loses the support of the majority in the legislature on a significant vote, he or she must resign, and elections are called immediately. Thus, whereas in the United States, elections are held at fixed intervals, in Britain and other parliamentary countries, they may occur at any time, the only restriction being (in Britain) that they must be held at least once every five years.

This form of government exists in countries like Britain, Pakistan, India and Canada. The Features of Parliamentary Form of Government has been discussed below:

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Educators MCQs English (Precis and Composition) English Grammar English Notes MCQs

Foreign Words & Phrases MCQs for All Competitive Exams

Foreign Words & Phrases MCQs

Foreign Words & Phrases MCQs for All Competitive Exams [1-10]

1) vis-a-vis :
(a) similar
(b) face to face
(c) contrary to the fact
(d) in good faith
Answer: (b)

2) Modus operandi
(a) successful operation
(b) unsuccessful mission
(c) mode or manner of doing a thing
(d) a clandestine operation
Answer: (b)

3) Ad valorem
(a) according to the-value
(b) according to utility
(c) according to cost
(d) according to demand
Answer: (b)

4) Aide-mémoire
(a) hearing aid
(b) without memory
(c) with sound memory
(d) notes to aid memory
Answer: (c)

5) Ad interim :
(a) finally
(b) ultimately
(c) unanimously
(d) in the mean time
Answer: (b)

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English Grammar English Notes World General Knowledge

Important Idioms and Phrases for All Competitive Exams

Important Idioms & Phrases for All Competitive Exams

Important Idioms and Phrases [Starts with “B”]

Back out — to withdraw from a promise, contract : I felt grieved when he backed out of his promise to help me.

Back up — to support; to sustain : He backed up his report with relevant statistics.

Bear upon — to be relevant to : This argument does not bear upon the subject under discussion.

Blow up — to explode : The mine blew up and all the labourers working inside were killed.

— to reprimand or scold : If you continue to be negligent, the teacher will blow you up.

Break down — of a car; a piece of machinery; to go wrong so that it will not function : The car broke down on our way to Mumbai.

— to collapse; to succumb to uncontrollable weeping : She broke down completely on hearing the news of her husband’s death.

— to succumb to a nervous collapse through overwork or worry : He worked so hard that his health broke down near the examination.

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English Grammar English Notes World General Knowledge

Famous English Characters and Their Creators

Famous English Characters and Their Creators

Famous English Characters and Their Creators

Adam: John Milton

Alice: Lewis Carroll

Ancient Mariner: S.T. Coleridge

Anna Karenina: Leo Tolstoy

Antonio: William Shakespeare

Ariel: William Shakespeare

Bassano: William Shakespeare

Beatrice: William Shakespeare

Beatrix: William M. Thackeray

Bertie Wooster: P.G. Wodehouse

Brutus: William ‘Shakespeare

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English (Precis and Composition) English Grammar English Notes

150+ Important Foreign Words and Phrase for All Competitive Exams

Important Foreign Words and Phrase

Important Foreign Words and Phrase [1-50]

1)           Ab initio (Latin): From the beginning.

2)           Aborigine (Latin): Native, any of the earliest known inhabitants of a certain region.

3)           Actionnaire (French):Shareholder.

4)           Actualite (French):Real existence; appropriateness.

5)           Ad hoc (Latin):For the special purpose.

6)           Ad interim (Latin): In the meantime; temporary.

7)           Ad libitum (Latin):As one pleases.

8)           Ad referendum (Latin):For further consideration.

9)           Ad valorem (Latin):According to value.

10)        A Dio (Italian):To God; Addio!Adieu!

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CSS Notes CSS Study Material English (Precis and Composition) English Grammar MDCAT

Important Synonyms and Antonyms for all Competitive Exam

Synonyms and Antonyms for all Competitive Exam

These all synonyms and antonyms will very helpful and will increase your intelligence skills.

Important Synonyms and Antonyms starts with “A”

No. Word Synonyms Antonyms
1. Alien foreigner, outsider native, resident
2. Affront provoke, irreverence conciliate, mollify
3. Adversity misfortune, calamity prosperity, fortune
4. Antipathy hostility, aversion admiration, fascination
5. Amplify enlarge, extend lessen, contract
6. Alleviate abate, relieve aggravate, enhance
7. Admonish counsel, reprove approve, applaud
8. Adherent follower, disciple rival, adversary
9. Awkward clumsy, rough clever, apt
10. Allure entice, fascinate repulse, repel
11. Abortive vain, unproductive effectual, productive
12. Allay pacify, soothe aggravate, excite
13. Axiom maxim, truth absurdity, blunder

Important Synonyms and Antonyms starts with “B”

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CSS Notes World General Knowledge

5 Worst Accidents in NASA’s History

5 Worst Accidents in NASA's History

5 Worst Accidents in NASA’s History

Wallops Island – Aug. 22, 2008

NASA destroys an unmanned experimental rocket launched from Wallops Island, Virginia, carrying a pair of research satellites after it veers off course. Officials said the rocket – a prototype made by Alliant Techsystems Inc., or ATK – was destroyed by remote control 27 seconds into the pre-dawn flight. It was between 11,000 feet and 12,000 feet high when it exploded. Officials said they do not know why it veered off course. It was destroyed to avoid endangering the public.

Columbia – Feb. 1, 2003

Recovered power-head of one of Columbia's main engines
Recovered power-head of one of Columbia’s main engines

The Columbia shuttle, which had a wing damaged during launch, breaks apart in the Texas skies during re-entry, killing seven astronauts and raining debris over Texas and Louisiana. Investigators determined its left wing was gashed by fuel-tank foam insulation during liftoff, allowing fiery gases to penetrate the shuttle.

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