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Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime Prevention | CSS Criminology Notes

Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice.

1. Studies

Criminologists such as Gottfredson, McKenzie, Eck, Farrington, Sherman, Waller and others have been at the forefront of analyzing what works to prevent crime. Prestigious commissions and research bodies, such as the World Health Organization, United Nations, the United States National Research Council, the UK Audit Commission and so on, have analyzed their and others’ research on what lowers rates of interpersonal crime. They agree that governments must go beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle the risk factors that cause crime because it is more cost effective and leads to greater social benefits than the standard ways of responding to crime. Interestingly, multiple opinion polls also confirm public support for investment in prevention. Waller uses these materials in Less Law, More Order to propose specific measures to reduce crime as well as a crime bill.

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CSS Notes CSS Optional subjects

Introduction of Criminology | CSS Criminology Notes

Introduction of Criminology | CSS Criminology Notes

Introduction of Criminology

Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in both the behavioral and social sciences, drawing especially upon the research of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, social anthropologists, as well as scholars of law. The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia. Later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term criminologie .

“I need not pause to explain that crime is not a disease. It is criminology that is a disease.”
G.K. Ghesterton

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English Grammar English Notes

Important IDIOMS with the Word “ONE” | CSS English Grammar

Important IDIOMS with the Word “ONE” | CSS English Grammar

Important IDIOMS with the Word “ONE” | CSS English Grammar

All in one breath
said of something spoken excitedly without pause

All in one piece
safely

All rolled up in one
combined

All-in-one
with all required features

As one
as if a group were one entity

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CSS Notes

Pakistan Rich in Natural Resources But Poor in Management | CSS Notes PDF

Pakistan Rich in Natural Resources But Poor Management

“PAKISTAN RICH IN NATURAL RESOURCES BUT POOR IN ITS MANAGEMENT”

BY: MUHAMMAD ADEEL

SLIDES PDF Link is available at the bottom of this post

What are Natural Resources

  • Natural resources are derived from the environment, Some of them are essential for our survival while most are used for satisfying our wants.
  • People do not make natural resources, but gather them from the earth.
  • Some Examples of natural resources are air, water, copper, wood, oil, wind energy, hydro-electric energy, iron, and coal. Refined oil is not a natural resource because people make it.
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Daily Dawn Vocabulary English Grammar English Notes

50 Important DAWN Vocabulary Word’s List (May 2020)

50 Important DAWN Vocabulary Word's List (May 2020)

50 Important DAWN Vocabulary Word’s List (May 2020)

Every aspirant knows the importance of English language and vocabulary. In order to facilitate the aspirants, we are sharing some most important Words list from Daily Dawn’s May 2020 issues. The vocabulary will include the words from dawn newspaper along with their meanings which will save a lot of time of the aspirants.
So, keep in touch with CSS Times for daily vocabulary from dawn.

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50 Important DAWN Vocabulary Word’s List
(May 2020)

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English (Precis and Composition) English Grammar English Notes

40 Most Important IDIOMS with the word “First”

40 Most Important IDIOMS with the word “First”

40 Most Important IDIOMS with the word “First”

for CSS, PMS, PCS, PPSC, SPSC, BPSE, KPKPSC, NTS, BTS, OTS and all other Competitive Exams

1. First aid: medical care for minor injuries such as mild abrasions, cuts, bruises, and burns
• She gave him first aid for his sprained ankle.

2. First among equals: the sentiment that a leader is merely the premier person among his or her colleagues
• The prime minister is first among equals in the cabinet.

3. First base: the first step or stage in a process or procedure, from baseball terminology
• He used to be a catcher, but now he plays first base.

4. (Draw) First blood: To be the first to gain an advantage or score against an opponent.
• If someone draws first blood in a game or conflict, they are the first to score or succeed.

5. (At) first blush: referring to reconsideration of one’s initial thought
• At first blush, I thought the house was great

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English (Precis and Composition) English Notes

50 Most Important Idioms

50 Most Important Idioms

50 Most Important Idioms | The idioms and expressions below are some of the most common in English. The example sentences show how idioms are used in context.

Most Important Idioms (1 to 10)

1. as easy as pie means “very easy” (same as “a piece of cake”)
Example: He said it is a difficult problem, but I don’t agree. It seems as easy as pie to me!

2. be sick and tired of means “I hate” (also “can’t stand”)
Example: I’m sick and tired of doing nothing but work. Let’s go out tonight and have fun.

3. bend over backwards means “try very hard” (maybe too much!)
Example: He bent over backwards to please his new wife, but she never seemed satisfied.

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CSS Notes General Science & Ability Notes

Different Branches of Science | General Science Notes

Different Branches of Science | General Science Notes

Different Branches of Science | General Science Notes

What is science?

A systematic study using observation, experiment, and measurement, of physical and social phenomena, or any specific area involving such a study is called Science
Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied.

Different Branches of Science “A”

Acoustics
The study of sound (or the science of sound).

Acrobatics
The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).

Aerodynamics
(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.
(ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air

Aeronautics
The Science or art of flight.

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Articles CSS Notes Current Affairs Pakistan Affairs Notes Pakistani Newspapers

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the “Five Ps”

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the “Five Ps”

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the “Five Ps”

After the Millennium Development Goals in 2000, the United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution, “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” There are 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) that are geared towards improving the world and the lives of its inhabitants, which can be categorised into the “five Ps”; people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership.

People

The SGDs on ending poverty, hunger, allowing for individuals to have good health and well-being, the provision of quality education, access to clean water and sanitation and striving for gender equality can all be included in the broad ambit of ‘people’. Improving the lives of people, as a collective and on an individual level, is one of the central focuses of the UN in the next ten years. It is hoped that by 2030, all member states will have made significant changes to provide people with these basic necessities. Beyond ending poverty and hunger, ensuring dignity and equality must also take precedence moving forward, Sustainable Development.

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CSS Notes CSS Study Material CSS Tips English Essay

Important Essays for CSS 2020 Examination by Sir Ghafoor Tahir

Important Essays for CSS 2020 Examination by Sir Ghafoor Tahir

Important Essays for CSS 2020 Examination

by Sir Ghafoor Tahir
(Senior Most Mentor for CSS English Essays)

1. Global Warming: The Clock is Ticking!

2. Water Scarcity in Pakistan-A Bigger Threat Than Terrorism.

3. More Depravity is the Root Cause of Poverty.

4. Socio-Economic Challenges Faced by Pakistan.

5. Education Makes a People Easy to Lead, But Difficult to Drive, Easy to Govern, But Impossible to Enslave.

6. Foreign Aid – Is It a Blessing or a Curse?

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